ESSAY: ESSAY WRITING INSTRUCTIONS.

ESSAY TITLE:
Cochrane review summary: Summary of ‘Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low- and middle-income countries'.

INSTRUCTIONS

1) Summarise one Cochrane review. The Cochrane review you have to summarise is:

Oyo-Ita A, Wiysonge CS, Oringanje C, Nwachukwu CE, Oduwole O, Meremikwu MM. Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD008145. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008145.pub3.

NOTE: This Cochrane review is 97 pages long so check which pages you need first before you print it.

2) Referencing instructions:

- This is the only source you need to read for this essay so I will accept the reference citation presented exactly as it is shown above.

- If you summarise research that is cited in this Cochrane review - you do NOT need to provide those additional references in your essay. You can paraphrase. For example, this sentence copied from the review: ‘Global DTP3 coverage hovered around 5% in 1974, when EPI was launched, and increased very slowly to 17% in 1980 (WHO 2012b).' would be edited to become ‘The review, citing a WHO 2012 report, highlighted that ...'

3) Essay writing instructions:

In the essay you must address all these points:
- Provide a short summary of the rationale for the review and the problemsthat the interventions are meant to address.
- Provide a PICOT table for the selection criteria, i.e., the ‘Methods for considering studies for this review'.
- Identify the key criteria used for assessing the risk of bias in the included studies. You only need to summarise the key criteria - you do not need to conduct a risk of bias assessment.
- Summarise the main findings, i.e., what do we learn from this review?
- What are the types of interventions in the studies identified in the review?
- Describe 2-3 implications for future research.
- Are there any gaps in the evidence base?

4) Word count:
The essay must be around 2000 words but must not exceed 2250 words. The words in the tables contribute to the total word count.

5) Essay submission instructions

- You must submit your essay via Turnitin.
- It is due on Monday 4 September, before midnight of 4 September.
- Extensions are only granted because of illness with a supporting certificate.

ESSAY 2: ESSAY WRITING INSTRUCTIONS.

Option 1: Essay Title:
Cochrane review applicability discussion: Structured applicability of the Cochrane review by Oyo-Ita and colleagues on ‘Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low- and middle-income countries' to [insert name of the country you have chosen].

Or

Option 2: Essay Title:
Cochrane review applicability discussion: Structured applicability of the Cochrane review by Saeterdal and colleagues on 'Interventions aimed at communities to inform and/or educate about early childhood vaccination' to [insert name of the country you have chosen].

INSTRUCTIONS

The perspective you will take as the author of the essay and the country you choose:

Imagine you are working in a health department in a country of your choosing. In your work, you have been asked to consider the applicability of the findings of a Cochrane review for your health system.

The background for this request is that a new policy is being developed to improve vaccination rates and the head of the Vaccination Section needs information about the effectiveness of various interventions in order to decide where investment should happen.

It is not your job to make a recommendation - only to consider the applicability of the interventions to your context, health system and society.

First, select which country you are in. It is sensible to choose a country and health system you know well or where you can get reliable information about vaccination. This can be from grey literature, that is,in government reports or articles which provide data on what is happening in your country.

Tips:
If you are doing Option 1 essay, it may be easier to choose a low or middle income country.

If you are doing Option 2, it is fine to choose a low and middle income country but it is also possible to choose a high income country. In other words, it is a much harder essay to write if you choose a high income country for Option 1.

If you choose a large country such as India, you may find it more sensible to choose a state or region, because discussing country-wide applicability issues would be challenging.

If you chose Option 1, you may only want to select some of the interventions types included in this review because discussing the applicability of all the different types would be too complicated.

DETAILS FOR WHAT GOES IN THE ESSAY

1. Brief introduction outlining what your essay will be doing

2. A section which outlines the childhood vaccination issues for your country of choice

Please provide a section to set the context for your essay, ie outlines the childhood vaccination issues for the government/people living in your country of choice: rates, coverage, efforts to improve rates so far, etc. The information in this section must be derived from reports or articles that you find yourself, and that refers to data from your country of choice.

However, if you have difficulty getting up-to-date data, you could use this World Bank site which has country data for DPT:

3. A short summary of the findings of the Cochrane review you have chosen

Provide a short summary of the findings of the Cochrane review.

You may find additional useful information about the interventions in the Characteristics of Included Studies tables.

You do NOT need to go and find other evidence about effectiveness to support your choice of interventions.

4. A structured discussion of the five SUPPORT questions

This is the main part of the essay.

I would like you to conduct a structured assessment of the applicability of the Cochrane review, using the five-question SUPPORT check list to guide your structured assessment.

The five questions come from this open access article:

Lavis JN, Oxman AD, Souza NM, Lewin S, Gruen RL, Fretheim A. 2009. SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health policymaking (STP) 9: Assessing the applicability of the findings of a systematic review. Health Research Policy and Systems 7 (Suppl 1): S9, http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content/7/S1/S9

The five questions are:

1. Were the studies included in the systematic review conducted in the same setting or were the findings consistent across settings or time periods?

2. Are there important differences in on-the-ground realities and constraints that might substantially alter the feasibility and acceptability of an option?

3. Are there important differences in health system arrangements that may mean an option could not work in the same way?

4. Are there important differences in the baseline conditions that might yield different absolute effects even if the relative effectiveness was the same?

5. What insights can be drawn about options, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation?

Please address all five questions.

Please read the whole of the Lavis SUPPORT article first, because it has clear instructions and some guidance (see Tables 1 & 2) on how to conduct a structured assessment of applicability of the evidence from the review to your setting.

In preparing your answers to these five questions, you must draw on relevant literature provided in the subject, including at least two of the following:

- Issues with public health evidence: see Frommer M & Rychetnik L (2003) ‘From Evidence-Based Medicine to Evidence-Based Public Health' In V. Lin and B. Gibson (eds) Evidence-Based Health Policy: Problems and Possibilities Oxford: Oxford University Press, p56-69. This will be on the LMS.

- Issues in the knowledge to action cycle: see Graham ID, Logan J, Harrison MB, Straus SE, Tetroe J, Caswell W, Robinson N. (2006) Lost in knowledge translation: time for a map? J Contin Educ Health Prof: 26(1):13-24.

- Issues in systematic reviews and drawing conclusions: see Petticrew M (2003) Why certain systematic reviews reach uncertain conclusions. BMJ 326.

- Issues in relating evidence to policy decisions: see Bowen S & Zwi AB (2005) Pathways to "Evidence-informed" policy and practice: a framework for action. PLoS Medicine 2(7).

The essay must be around 3500 words including tables. It must not exceed 3750 words (excluding references).

Essay submission instructions

- You must submit your essay via Turnitin.
- It is due on Monday 16 October, before midnight of 16 October.
- Extensions are only granted because of illness with a supporting certificate.