During the Baroque period, science and philosophy grew at a fast speed. One of the brightest representatives of that era is Galileo Galilei. The first person who look up into the sky with an optical tube, the telescope, was the famous Italian scientist Galileo Galilei. He made the first two telescopes in science history. They were still imperfect. In the fall of 1609, for the first time, he directed the telescope to the moon, and clearly saw the surface defects. With a telescope he saw that the Venus planet, like the moon, changes its visible form or the phases. On the sun Galileo noticed dark spots. Based on their transfer, the scientist proves that the sun is circulating around its axis. According to Galileo's student Vincenzo Viviani, Galileo dropped balls of the same material, but different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to show that the time of their fall is independent of their masses. It contradicts the teaching of Aristotle, according to which heavy bodies fall faster than lightweight bodies. The result of the experiment proves that the Galileo was right.

Another prominent representative of that period is John Locke, a British educator, physicist and philosopher. His works have greatly influenced the development of science and philosophy. His theory of thought is now considered as the source of personality and identity. Locke was the first who identified the identity as a sequence of reasoning. According to him at birth, mind is clear sheet, he argued that we are born without preliminary ideas and knowledge is the result of not only experience, but also sensory perception.