1. Describe the functions of the patella. How is the patella different from other bones of the leg? 
2. Name the bones of the pectoral girdle and the bones of the pelvic girdle. Compare the pectoral and pelvic girdles with regard to strength, function, and versatility. 
3. What functions does the clavicle serve in the skeletal system? 
4. To what bones does the scapula articulate? 
5. Describe the bony arrangements that are involved in the elbow joint. 
6. Describe the differences between a male pelvis and a female pelvis. 
7. Compare the elbow joint and the knee joint in terms of structure and function. 
8. Describe the four major curvatures of the vertebral column. Define lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis. 
9. What is the function of the thoracic cage? Distinguish between true, false, and floating ribs. 
10. What are the functions of the acromion process and coracoid process of the scapula? 
11. What is the function of the tibial tuberosity? 

1. Define physical fitness. 
2. List and describe the five components of health-related physical fitness. 
3. Describe five characteristics of a well-designed physical fitness test. 
4. Compare random errors versus systematic errors. How can each of these types of errors be reduced? 
5. Define the following terms: 
1. Valid test. 
2. Accuracy. 
3. Reliability. 
4. Objectivity. 
5. Error. 
6. PAR-Q. 
6. How are norms different from standards? 
Describe the standardized procedure for measuring the skinfold, girth or bone width. Describe subject position, instrument used, and step-by-step procedure. 

3. Bioelectrical impedance techniques are used to determine percent body fat. Describe the principle on which this technique is based. Describe sources of error in this procedure.
1. With reference to the O-Scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following terms: 
a. Stanine scale. 
b. Adiposity rating. 
c. Proportional weight rating. 
d. Balanced physique. 
e. Dominant physique. 
2. What advantages do the O-Scale System and the Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness and Lifestyle Approach-Health Body Composition Assessment procedure have in comparison to percent body fat predictions from skinfold measurements, when used in individual assessments? 
3. In the Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness, and Lifestyle Approach-Healthy Body Composition Assessment procedure, what is the purpose of using the SO5S (sum of five skinfolds) measurement, and the waist girth measurement?


1. Define the planes and axes of the body. Define the various terms of direction. 
2. Identify and give functions to the structures learned for knee, hip, ankle, and shoulder joints. 
3. Define movements of the major joints. 
4. Describe the classification of joints - fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial. 
5. Compare the hip and shoulder joints with respect to structure, strength, and versatility of movement. 
6. Name the joints that contain the: 
a. Glenoid cavity and labrum. 
b. Cruciate ligaments and menisci. 
c. Annular ligament and head of radius. 
d. Acetabulum and iliofemoral ligament. 
7. How do ligaments contribute to joint stability and mobility? 
8. Name a bone that is: 
a. Distal to the humerus. 
b. Proximal to the patella. 
c. Lateral to the sternum. 
9. In the knee joint, what are the functions of: 
a. Articular cartilage? 
b. Synovial fluid? 
c. Cruciate ligaments? 
d. Collateral ligaments? 
e. Menisci? 
10. Describe the function of the intervertebral disc during motion and in weight bearing. 
11. Compare the structure and function of the elbow joint with that of the knee joint. 
12. What ligament of the Hip joint keeps the body, when in anatomical position, from falling backward at the hip? 
13. What two general types of joints are found in the vertebral column? 
14. Why is the anatomical position so important in explaining the movements that are possible at joints? 
15. Name two of the joints that are considered to be part of the shoulder joint complex. 
16. Why is dislocation of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint most likely to occur inferiorly? 
17. Describe five different types of joint injuries. 
18. At the ankle joint, compare inversion sprains versus eversion sprains. Which ligaments are most likely damaged in an inversion sprain? 


1. List four sources of error in the sit-and-reach flexibility test. 
2. What was the Health Benefit Zone Rating on the sit-and-reach test? What does this rating mean? 
3. Distinquish between active range of motion and passive range of motion. 
4. Define goniometry. 
5. Why is precise measurement of joint range of motion important? 
6. Does normal range of motion at one joint indicate that the subject will likely have normal range of motion at all joints? Explain. 
7. Describe three types of devices that are often used when a precise measure of flexibility is desired. 
8. Which joint movements are needed at the shoulder joint in order to successfully tuck the tail of your shirt into the back of your pants? 
9. Criticize the goniometer measurements 

1. If your deltoid muscles were paralyzed, how would this affect the activities that you would be able to perform? 
2. In a duel in 1547, Jarnae defeated Chastaignaraie by slicing through the tissue behind the left knee. This is known in history as the "coup de Jarnae." Which muscles would be affected by such a cut, and what would be the results? 
3. Describe four possible movements of the humerus that can occur at the shoulder joint, and name the prime mover(s) of each movement. 
4. Distinguish between hip flexion and trunk flexion. 
5. Describe the roles played by the gluteus maximus muscle in walking, running, and climbing stairs. 
6. Why would individuals accustomed to wearing high-heeled shoes experience discomfort when wearing low-heeled shoes? Where might the discomfort be found, and what are some possible anatomic and mechanical reasons? 
7. How is walking different from running in relation to the use of hip-joint muscle actions and range of motion? 

1. What is the vertical jump a test of? What factors can affect the distance jumped?
2. Differentiate between strength, power, and muscular endurance. Give an example of a test for measuring each of these factors.
3. Explain the shape of your velocity- versus-force graph, your power-versus- velocity graph, and power-versus-force graph. What general information is given by these graphs regarding the optimal combination of force and velocity needed to obtrain maximal power output for any task.

1. Why do you think that a different protocol is used for males and females on the push-up test? Do you think that this is appropriate? Why or why not? 
2. Critique the partial curl-up test. Which muscle groups are being stressed in this test?