1. The primary contribution of Herman Ebbinghaus was the emphasis on well controlled research, whereas William James' major contribution was his work on memory. Briefly compare their approaches, including their ecological validity. Demonstrate through an example how these two theories have enhanced your understanding of Cognitive Psychology.
2. Suppose that you are accustomed to a certain bus stopping on a specific corner near your college campus. A bus stops, and you "recognize" it to be the customary bus; you fail to notice that the side of the bus has a totally different company name. How is this example of top-down processing? What would be different if it were bottom-up processing?