DQ 1: What are the three conditions necessary for one to argue a causal relationship exists? Discuss the difference between a sufficient cause and a necessary cause. Give an ex of each.

DQ 2: Contrast reliability and validity as they relate to measures. What are some methods for establishing the validity of a measure? Give exs of how a researcher may attempt to show measure reliability and validity.

DQ 3: Seven common errors when developing problems are: overly complex problems, leading problems, loaded problems, ambiguous problems, double-barreled items, assumptions made, and burdensome problems. Develop four problems that may be used in a problemnaire. For three of the problems, purposely include one of the seven aforementioned errors in the problem. The fourth problem should be your best attempt to avoid all errors.