Consider the use of deception in psychological research. Does participation in a study involving deception (such as the study by Stanley Milgram described in this chapter) necessarily cause harm? Recall that when we evaluate the risks and benefits of a study, we consider both the participants in the study and society as a whole%u2014anyone who might be affected by the research. What might be some of the costs and benefits to participants who are deceived? What might be some of the costs and benefits to society of studies involving deception?