Consider the following list of products. Categorize each along all three dimensions of innovation, if possible (radical versus incremental, technical versus managerial, and product versus process). Explain your answers.

• Teaching college courses by digitally recording the instructor and then making the digital file available online.

• The rise in popularity of virtual organizations (discussed in Chapter 6).

• Checking the security of packages on airlines with the type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning devices that are common in health care.

• Smartphone devices such as the iPhone.

• Robotic arms that can perform surgery that is too precise for a human surgeon’s hands.

• Hybrid automobiles, which run on both batteries and gasoline.

• Using video games to teach soldiers how to plan and execute battles.