Cliff works for the New York Department of Transportation. He perceives that his union's contract is so strong he can't be fired and the only way he will get promoted is if the person above him dies or retires. He has:

a) low effort-to-performance expectancy and low performance-to-outcome expectancy.

b) low effort-to-performance expectancy and high performance-to-outcome expectancy.

c) high effort-to-performance expectancy and low performance-to-outcome expectancy.

d) high effort-to-performance expectancy and high performance-to-outcome expectancy.

e) zero valence.