Classify each of the following situations as involving either classical conditioning or operant conditioning.

In each case, defend your answer by analyzing the situation within the context of the learning paradigm you have chosen.

a.A father reminds his son James to be quiet at the dinner table. James stops talking, and his father smiles at him.

b.Ralph's friend offers him an illegal drug. Ralph takes the drug and finds that it makes him feel euphoric. Ralph begins to buy the drug himself and takes it more and more frequently.

c.Linda is a bright, academically capable girl. Once, when she was sick, she failed an important test. Now she is very anxious whenever she takes a test.