Chef Gordon Ramsey is boiling mad at his HR manager. The manager will not hire anyone whose shoes are not well polished when they come to the interview. Ramsey doesn’t know how the manager cooked up such a requirement and has been stewing about whether the requirement is legal. What would you tell him?

A court system is about to fill an opening for the position of Victim’s Advocate. The position involves working with women who have been sexually assaulted. The court has decided that it will only fill the position with a female because all of the victims are women and the crimes were sexual in nature. Would this be legal?

To get a job at the Arsonville Fire Department, applicants must pass a mechanical ability test. An extensive study found that the test correlates significantly (r = .30) with performance. During the current testing period, 20% of male applicants and 10% of female applicants passed the test. The Fire Department tried to find a test with less adverse impact but was unable to do so. Would the use of the test be legal?