As a barrier to new entry, absolute cost advantages can be based on: Choose one of the following correct answers;

a. superior production operations and processes due to accumulated experience, patents, or trade secrets.

b. continuous advertising of brand and company names, and product innovation achieved through research and development.

c. the unique ability of established companies to spread fixed costs over a large volume.

d. cost reductions that arise from the mass production of standardized output.

e. high product quality, service-oriented innovations, and good after-sales service.