1. Which of the following is the most complete and accurate definition of psychology?
The study of behavior and mental processes
The study of the mind of humans and other animals
The study of mental health and illness
The study of the human mind

 2. Empirical evidence is derived from careful observation, experimentation, and ______________.
Psychology
Measurement
Psychobabble
Common sense

 3. Graphology or handwriting analysis, uses precise measurements in order to determine personality characteristics from a sample of one's handwriting. However, there is little empirical evidence to suggest that graphology is accurate in determining one's personality from a handwriting sample. Graphology is an example of ______________.
Fortune-telling
Common sense
Pseudoscience
Numerology

4. Mark has a strong desire to quit smoking. A psychologist from the biological perspective would most likely try to help by _____________.
Delivering a shock to Mark's wrist juts as he inhales
Probing Mark's unconscious desire to smoke and his need for oral fulfillment.
Finding a drug that helps Mark's craving for nicotine
Emphasizing that smoking is a decision and that Mark has the cognitive control to quit.

 5. The _________________ perspective emphasizes what goes on in people's heads, including mental process, such as perception, memory, language, or problem solving.
Biological
Learning
Cognitive
Sociocultural

6. Several middle-school girls were watching their classmates, Jon and Jason, engage in a rough-and-tumble wrestling match. The attention of the girls seemed to intensity the boys' play. A psychologist trained in the psychoanalytic perspective would most likely wonder, _______________.
What are the basic emotional reactions evoked by the presence of the girls
Do these boys have smaller head bumps devoted to ‘cautiousness' than most boys
What is the purpose of rough-and-tumble play in the adaptive changes of early adolescence
Did these boys have early childhood traumas that unconsciously cause aggressive behavior.

7. Making a generalization based on a personal experience or a few examples is referred to as ______________.
Argument by anecdote
Examination of evidence
Principle of falsifiability
Analysis of assumptions

8. Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, and values are called ____________.
Laboratory observations
Control conditions
Psychological tests
Field research

9. A psychological tests is said to be valid if it ________________.
Measures what it is designed to measure
Compares results against established standards of performance
Produces the same results from one time to the next
Allows test-takers to fully demonstrate the extent of their abilities

 10. When two variables are not related, the correlation coefficient will be close to ___________.
0
-1
+1
+10

11. A researcher plans to investigate whether a cup of hot milk at night helps people relax so that they fall asleep quickly. In this study, _____________.
The independent variable is the amount of time it takes the person to fall asleep
The independent variable is the lab in which the research is conducted.
The independent variable is the hot milk at bedtime
The independent variable is the hypothesis of the study.

12. An inactive substance or fake treatment that is used as a control in an experiment is called a(n)____________.
Dependent variable
Experimental group
Placebo
Control condition

13. A(n) ________________ is a characteristic of an individual describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, or feeling.
Personality
Trait
Defense mechanism
Archetype

14. Jesse becomes furious when her favorite hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent. According to Freud's model of the mind, her "id" would unconsciously tell her, ____________.
"Thou shalt not kill."
"I'm going to tear this program in half!"
What, me angry? I could never get angry."
"I'm so angry I could kill that player!"

15. One of the most influential trait theorists was ____________ who recognized that not all traits have equal weight and significance in people's lives.
Abraham Maslow
John B. Watson
Gordon Allport
Karen Horney

16. Rachel is talkative, sociable, and adventurous. She loves to be the center of attention. Which of the ‘Big Five' personality traits pertains to Rachel's characteristic behavior?
Agreeableness v. antagonism
Openness to experience v. resistance
Extraversion v. introversion
Neuroticism v. emotional stability

17. ______________ is a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.
Reciprocal determinism
Heritability
Factor analysis
Congruence

18. In behavioral-genetic research, __________________ includes the family background in which you grew up and the experiences you shared with your siblings and parents.
Surface structure
Nonshared environment
Shared environment
Deep structure

19. According to Maslow, the most important aspects of personality are the ____________________.
Big Five personality traits
Instincts and repressed conflicts of a person
Qualities of the self-actualized person
Reinforcers and punishers in a person's learning history.

20. According to Carl Rogers, ______________ is love and support given to another with no strings attached.
The condition of worth
Unconditional positive regard
Existentialism
Self-actualization

21. After implantation of the zygote is completed, the ____________ stage of prenatal development begins.
Embryonic
Structural
Germinal
Fetal

22. Which of the following outcomes is associated with maternal exposure to lead during pregnancy?
Defects in the eye, ear, and heart
Attention problems and lower IQ
Increased likelihood of prematurity and low birth weight
Mental retardation, blindness, and other physical disorders

23. Researchers have found that "baby talk" by parents _________________.
Helps babies learn the melody and rhythm of their native language
Holds children back from learning real language faster
Promotes telegraphic speech, especially if it is overused
Teaches children the correct grammar of their native language

24. Noam Chomsky viewed language acquisition in children as the result of _______________.
An innate mental module that allows young children to develop language
Reinforcement by adults of correct language production
Utilitarian learning in which children learn that correct language produces desirable results
Classical conditioning of innate utterances produced by infants and young children.

25. In Jean Piaget's theory, the process of absorbing new information into existing mental categories is called __________________.
Assimilation
Accommodation
Conservation
Egocentrism

26. Layla understands that "Daddy" is her father but does not understand that she is Daddy's daughter. Piaget would suggest that Layla is in the ___________ stage.
Preoperational
Formal operations
Sensorimotor
Concrete operations

27. All of the following would be considered "gender differences" EXCEPT the difference between men and women in regard to ______________.
Sexual attitudes
Doing laundry
Reading romance novels
Color blindness

28. Learning theorists believe that gender socialization begins _______________.
At the moment of a child's birth
When the child comprehends speech
When children label themselves boys or girls
When children have developed a secure gender identity

29. Comparisons of hormone production in boys and girls show that ______________.
Before puberty, boys have higher levels of estrogen than girls do
From puberty on, boys and girls produce the same amounts of androgens and estrogens
Before puberty, girls have higher levels of estrogen than do boys
From puberty on, boys produce more androgens and girls produce more estrogens.

30. Adolescent girls who are lonely, depressed, worried, or angry are more likely than boys to express these concerns by _______________.
Engaging in rule-breaking and risk-taking behaviors
Internalizing their feelings
Becoming aggressive and acting out sexually
Attempting suicide

31. During Erikson's stage of _____________, a person is acquiring new physical and mental skills, setting goals, and enjoying newfound talents, but must learn to control impulses.
Initiative versus guilt
Generativity versus stagnation
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Ego integrity versus despair

32. As people move into old age, the speed of cognitive processing ______________.
Slows significantly
Increases for those who take vitamins
Slows rapidly
Does not change at all

33. Which of the following is NOT one of the child-rearing practices suggested by child development research?
Set high expectations that are appropriate to the child's age
Allow children to express their disagreements about rules
Encourage empathy by showing how fighting hurts and disrupts others
Always punish behavior that violates family rules

34. The spinal cord is actually an extension of the _______________.
Body's visceral organs
Skeletal nervous system
Brain
Sensory nerves

35. Which is one function of the myelin sheath?
To form cranial nerves
To speed up neural transmission
To create interference among neural signals
To release neurotransmitters

36. Which hormones are involved in emotion and stress?
Estrogen
Melatonin
Adrenal hormones
Progesterone

37. The outer part of each adrenal gland produces _____________, which increases blood-sugar levels and boosts energy.
Estrogen
Androgen
Cortisol
Melatonin

38. Which structure of the brain is called the ‘gateway to memory?'
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Thalamus

39. ______________ area is responsible for language comprehension and is located in the left ________ lobe.
Broca's; temporal
Wernicke's; temporal
Broca's; frontal
Wernicke's; frontal

40. According to the text, what is the primary nervous system stimulus that informs the biological clock?
Visual
Taste
Smell
Balance

41. Emilio is currently in Stage 2 sleep. This means his EEG is showing ________ waves.
only delta
occasional delta
rapid, high peaking
small, irregular brain

42. Depressants exert their influence on the brain by _____________.
Slowing down activity in the central nervous system
Mimicking the action of endorphins, producing a feeling of euphoria
Disrupting normal thought and perceptual processes
Speeding up activity in the central nervous system

43. which of the following drugs is a psychedelic?
LSD
Alcohol
Amphetamines
Heroin

44. At the orientation for first-year students, April felt overwhelmed by the number of people, the multiple conversations and the forms that needed to be completed. April is experiencing ____________.
Sensory overload
Notable differences
Sensory adaptation
Sensory deprivation

45. Which of the following is a Gestalt principle?
Brightness
Saturation
Proximity
Acuity

46. The thing that makes a middle-C note on a flute sound very different from a middle-C note on a clarinet is ____________.
Frequency
Loudness
Timbre
Pitch

47. What two senses keep us informed about the movement of our own body?
Homeostasis and balance
Equilibrium and homeostasis
Equilibrium and Kinesthesis
Kinesthesis and homeostasis

48. When Mitch was learning to drive, he couldn't imagine how he could ever remember to steer the wheel, flip on the turn signal, put on the gas, and still manage to turn the car! Now that he has been driving for three years, Mitch's reactions have become automatic. Now when he drives a car ____________________________.
Nonconscious processes are involved
Subconscious processes are involved
Convergent thinking is involved
Divergent thinking is involved

49. Bunny is surprised to hear her little brother say, "Hello!" because she had intended to call her best friend. Her error in dialing the wrong number can be attributed to ______________.
Implicit learning
Hindsight bias
Mental set
Mindlessness

50. Deductive reasoning involves _____________________.
Comparing and evaluating opposing points of view in order to resolve differences
Drawing conclusions from a set of observations or premises
Generalizing from past experience
Use of an algorithm to solve a problem