According to the flexible leadership theory, the CEO of an organization should:
a. focus primarily on short-term objectives such as quarterly profits
b. provide heroic, charismatic leadership for the organization
c. coordinate leadership processes across levels and subunits
d. emphasize direct behaviors more than management programs and systems

Which developmental method provides the most varied and intensive feedback to managers about their traits, skills, and behavior?
a. mentoring programs
b. multisource feedback workshops
c. special developmental assignments
d. developmental assessment centers

Research on the way managers acquire leadership skills find that:
a. learning from experience is more important than formal training programs
b. most companies plan how to integrate formal training with developmental activities
c. feedback workshops result in more learning than special assignments
d. decisions about job assignments usually consider developmental objectives

Which statement about leadership development in organizations is least likely to be accurate:
a. leadership development should be consistent with organization strategy
b. developmental activities should be coordinated with formal training
c. self development activities should be maximized to reduce costs
d. leadership development should be integrated with succession planning

In most feedback workshops for management development, the primary source of information about a manager's behavior is:
a. other managers in the workshop who fill out a checklist
b. observers who record the person's behavior during a simulation
c. observation of a videotape taken of the manager doing regular work
d. questionnaires filled out by people with whom the manager works

Which of the following statements about learning from feedback is least likely to be true for top executives?
a. the realization that they have made it to the top causes executives to become less defensive and more open to feedback
b. top executives tend to become isolated from most people except other executives who cannot provide much useful feedback
c. most executives receive much praise but little constructive criticism from their subordinates
d. feelings of confidence and superiority cause many executives to ignore or discount negative feedback


Which approach is used most often for improving leadership?
a. multi-source feedback workshops
b. formal mentoring programs
c. job rotation programs
d. formal training programs

Which of the following was not recommended for effective training?
a. use concrete examples, diagrams, and mnemonics in explanations
b. relate training objectives to the person's interests and career ambitions
c. integrate complex material into longer learning modules
d. allow ample opportunity for practice with feedback

Research at CCL indicates that the least amount of learning occurred for managers who had:
a. assignments for which they were well prepared
b. challenges they had to face alone
c. opportunities to make mistakes
d. diverse experiences with different types of challenges

Which description of cross-cultural research on leadership is most accurate?
a. many studies have been conducted with clear, consistent results
b. the results indicate little similarity of leadership across cultures
c. interpretation of results is difficult because of methodological problems
d. the results strongly support the universality of most leadership theories

Which of condition is most likely to encourage ethical behavior in organizations?
a. strong emphasis on individual productivity
b. cultural values for obedience to authority
c. intense competition for valued rewards
d. cultural values for individual responsibility

Which was recommended as a guideline for managing diversity in organizations?
a. disseminate evidence to support popular stereotypes
b. insist on tolerance of any differences in cultural values
c. defend the right of people to choose their own team members
d. explain the benefits of diversity for the team or organization


Which is not a major obstacle in evaluating ethical leadership for individual leaders?
a. lack of interest in ethical leadership among scholars
b. difficulty in determining if the ends justifies the means
c. cultural differences in standards of ethical behavior
d. the subjectivity inherent in the selection of criteria

What conception of ethical leadership was formulated by Burns?
a. servant leadership
b. transforming leadership
c. constructive leadership
d. integrative leadership

According to Greenleaf, the primary role of a leader is to be a:
a. facilitator
b. peacemaker
c. prophet
d. servant

Participative leadership is most likely to be effective in a culture with:
a. high collectivism
b. low power distance
c. high gender egalitarianism
d. low performance orientation

According to Heifetz, what should an ethical leader tell followers about a serious problem or threat that was just discovered?
a. immediately provide complete information about all risks and potential benefits
b. emphasize the obstacles and risks more than the potential benefits to avoid false hope
c. provide an accurate description of the problem but emphasize benefits more than obstacles and risks
d. exaggerate the potential benefits and likelihood of success to maintain hope and optimism

Convergence of findings from different research approaches in leadership:
a. has been a prime concern of most leadership theorists
b. has been extensively validated by empirical research
c. is entirely a matter of speculation
d. is facilitated by an integrating conceptual framework

Which of the following is not a common feature of leadership research?
a. surveys conducted in real organizations
b. studies conducted to test leadership theories
c. studies that involve field experiments
d. studies with retrospective ratings of leader behavior

What is the best conclusion about the current state of leadership theory?
a. most of the theories are strongly supported by empirical research
b. most of the theories provide a good understanding of leadership processes
c. most of the theories have no practical relevance
d. most of the theories have not been adequately tested

What is the best conclusion about the results from research on the trait, behavior, and power-influence research?
a. each approach is so unique that the findings cannot be compared
b. the findings from each approach are mostly speculative
c. the findings from different approaches show substantial convergence
d. the findings from different approaches are mostly inconsistent

Which conclusion about trends in leadership research over the last decade is not correct?
a. there is more research on cross-cultural differences in leadership
b. there is more research on the contingency theories of leadership
c. more of the research has included variables from the different approaches
d. a greater variety of research methods have been used to study leadership

Which of the following is not characteristic of most leadership research?
a. an assumption of strong effects by heroic individual leaders
b. a focus on dyadic processes rather than collective processes
c. an emphasis on explanatory processes and mediating variables
d. an assumption of unidirectional causality from leader to followers

What research method is used most often to study leadership effectiveness?
a. survey field studies
b. laboratory experiments
c. field experiments
d. intensive case studies

Effective leaders are most likely to:
a. make important task decisions by themselves
b. make decisions that will benefit powerful stakeholders
c. help to get agreement on objectives and strategies
d. emphasize individual rights over collective responsibility