(a) Differentiate between a diagnosis of fetal alcohol effect (FAE) and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

(b) If an infant is born to a drinking mother without any observable evidence of abnormal development, can we conclude that there was no detrimental impact of alcohol during the gestational period? Explain.

(c) Develop a sound rationale against the ingestion of any alcohol during pregnancy, or develop an argument in support of permitting occasional ingestion of a small amount of alcohol during pregnancy.