1.     What do gene flow and interbreeding act against?

A.    Migration

B.    Speciation

C.    Natural selection

D.   Mutations

E.    Balanced polymorphisms

2.     In the debate of how speciation occurs, advocates of punctuated equilibrium

A.    describe macroevolution as the gradual accumulation of evolutionary changes over time.

B.    agree with the advocates of Intelligent Design on views about the flaws in fossil-dating techniques.

C.    define species the same way creationists and gradualists do.

D.   have revived Darwin’s classic description of change over time.

E.    suggest that long periods of stasis (stability), during which species change little, are interrupted by evolutionary leaps.

3.     The so-called modern synthesis, the currently accepted view of evolution,

A.    suggests that speciation occurs after the genetic isolation of two populations, which allows their gene pools to diverge.

B.    refers to the combination of catastrophism and Darwin’s theory of evolution.

C.    suggests that speciation occurs after intense competition.

D.   refers to the combination of Mendel’s genetic discoveries and the theory of gene flow.

E.    has been challenged by recent fossils found in East Africa.

4.     Which of the following statements about the concept of race as applied to humans is true? It

A.    is a discredited concept in biology.

B.    is based on the Western science of genetics.

C.    is determined by the juxtaposition of alleles.

D.   does not include what used to be called subraces, because these are now known as ethnic groups.

E.    It has been verified by recent fossil finds in the Neanderthal Valley in Germany.

5.     In theory, a biological race is a geographically isolated subdivision of a species. Humanity (Homo sapiens) lacks such races because

A.    although humans exhibit biological differences, these are only skin deep.

B.    human populations have experienced a type of controlled breeding distinct from that of dogs and roses.

C.    human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop such discrete groups.

D.   they are politically incorrect.

E.    humans are less genetically predictable than animals and plants susceptible to domestication.

6.     Traditional racial classification assumed that biological characteristics such as skin color were determined by heredity and remained stable over many generations. We now know that

A.    skin color is actually determined throughout child development.

B.    skin color is determined by sun exposure and the amount of melanin in our diets.

C.    a biological similarity such as skin color is also the result of natural selection working among different populations that face similar environmental challenges.

D.   skin color is determined by a single gene that is prone to mutations over many generations.

E.    a biological similarity such as skin color is always the result of both common ancestry and natural selection.

7.     What does the relationship between genetic traits and the prevalence of diseases such as malaria and smallpox illustrate?

A.    how with technology, human biology is less important to human survival

B.    the shortcomings of research that focuses on environmental variability but ignores populational genetics

C.    how despite some evidence to the contrary some human races are better than others

D.   the mechanisms of hominid evolution

E.    the ways in which human biological diversity reflects adaptation to such environmental stresses as disease, diet, and climate

8.     Primatology helps anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of hominids and untangle issues of human nature and the origins of culture. Of particular relevance to humans are two kinds of primates:

A.    those with whom we share the least number of homologies, and those with whom we share the most analogies.

B.    those that are in the tribe hominini, and those in the family hominidea.

C.    those whose ecological adaptations are similar to our own (terrestrial monkeys and apes), and those most closely related to us—the great apes, specifically the chimpanzees and gorillas.

D.   catarrhines and platyrrhines.

E.    Gigantopithecus and Pierolapithecus.

9.     Common ancestry isn’t the only reason for similarities between species. Similar traits can also arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways. This process is known as

A.    gene flow.

B.    genetic evolution.

C.    molecular convergence.

D.   homology.

E.    convergent evolution.