1 Drawing on Gergen (1973) and Bruner (1956), describe and discuss the claim that psychological theories and universal laws of human nature shape human behaviour.
2 Neisser (1979) wrote that "there is no such quality as intelligence, ...resemblance is an external fact and not an internal essence" (p. 223; original italics). Describe/Explain his argument and evaluate it in light of the material covered in Topics 6 and/or 7.
3 Respond/React to Craik's (1991) claim that "these concepts are inherently psychological ... and their study depends ultimately on introspection in some form" (p. 442; original italics) from the perspectives of Wundt (1894, 1907), Freud (1920), Wertheimer (1938), and Skinner (1990).
Note: Answering this question may require students to interpret and extend the arguments made by the afore-mentioned psychologists.
4 Describe and discuss how the North American context (i.e., in terms of the discipline of psychology and the public at large) played a role in the acceptance or rejection of the theories and practices espoused by Freud (1920) and by Skinner (1990). As part of your discussion, reflect on the match (or lack thereof) between their respective commitments and the contextual characteristic(s) upon which you are focusing.
5 Compare/contrast the role of the psychologist in helping the public at large from the perspectives of Rogers (1956) and either Witmer (1907/1996) or Gilbreth (1947).
6 Compare/contrast Wundt's (1894, 1907) and James' (1890) characterizations of consciousness and its study.
Each question will be graded out of 10; their combined score will account for 20% of students' grades. As usual, grading will be based primarily on the richness and quality of the understanding evidenced in the answers, although some consideration will be given to organization, coherence, and the clear communication of relevant information.
When answering the questions, students may incorporate additional course content (i.e., readings and/or lectures) in addition to the psychologists referenced in the question posed.
Remember to review the general tips and writing resources posted on Canvas.
In addition to the usual rules and regulations governing exams (posted in Canvas):
• The questions are provided in advance so that students might prepare answers; however, students cannot utilize their notes during the exam.
• On the day of the exam, the instructor will select 3 of the above 6 questions. Students will be required to answer all 3 questions in the booklet provided. Each answer must start on a new sheet of paper, with the student's name, student number, and tutorial listed at the top.
• Word limits: Aim for approximately 200 to 350 words per question [we will be reasonably flexible].
• Students are strongly encouraged to answer using full sentences to better convey their understanding, and to avoid the misunderstandings that may arise with fragmented answers.
• CITING SOURCES: To the degree possible, students are encouraged to cite the articles upon which they relied in preparing their answers; that said, we understand, of course, that it is difficult to do so when working from memory and will be lenient in this regard. However, if you rely upon external sources, they must be cited and a reference list must be emailed to the instructor before the exam.
*Very important: If you use ideas you developed based on information on the web or other articles, you must cite them, even if you are paraphrasing, as they are someone else's ideas).
*Recall: Students' understanding is assessed with respect to the material covered in this course.
• As usual, you must be the sole originator of the answers you prepare. Breaching the principles of academic honesty may result in a score of zero and/or institutional sanctions.