1. Cognition is a synonym for ________.

a. intelligence

b. thinking

c. perception

d. learning

2. The three most important building blocks of thought are ________.

a. language, images, and concepts

b. cognitions, feelings, and language

c. concepts, algorithms, and heuristics

d. semantics, phonemes, and morphemes

3. The basic sound units of any language are called ________.

a. phonemes

b. semantics

c. morphemes

d. sound bytes

4. Which of the following would be considered a phoneme?

a. "B"

b. "Book at the look" (instead of "Look at the book")

c. "I missed my mife (wife)"

d. "Dog"

5. By themselves, phonemes are ________.

a. syntactical

b. units of prototypes

c. units of meaning

d. meaningless

6. Phonemes are grouped together to form ________.

a. registers

b. morphemes

c. semantics

d. sound bytes

7. Prefixes, suffixes, and words are examples of ________.

a. phonemes

b. semantics

c. morphemes

d. subjugations

8. The language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language are collectively known as ________.

a. phonemes

b. morphemes

c. grammar

d. linguistic relativity

9. The two main components of grammar are ________.

a. prototype construction and linguistic relativity

b. semantics and syntax

c. phonemes and morphemes

d. top-down processing and bottom-up processing

10. The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences is called ________.

a. phonology

b. morphology

c. semantics

d. syntax

11. "John will study hard for his next exam." "For his next test, John will prepare very studiously." "John will devote all his studying to the next exam." These three sentences all exhibit the same ________.

a. linguistic universals

b. deep structure

c. linguistic relativity

d. surface structure

12. "Sue will have the apple." "Sue will halve the apple." These two sentences exhibit the same ________.

a. deep structure

b. linguistic relativity

c. surface structure

d. complex morphemes

13. The underlying meaning of a sentence is its ________ structure.

a. deep

b. complex

c. simple

d. surface

14. A mental model containing the most typical features of a concept is called a(n) ________.

a. prototype

b. compensatory model

c. stereotype

d. algorithm

15. When a person thinks of a concept such as "bird," the person usually ________.

a. constructs a mental list of key attributes of a bird

b. has to identify the particular type of bird before a concept of a bird can be generated

c. thinks of a prototype of a bird

d. eliminates all of the attributes of being a nonbird

16. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that ________.

a. perception of surface structure precedes deep structure in understanding a sentence

b. we decide which objects belong to a concept according to what is most probable or sensible, given the facts at hand

c. one's language determines the pattern of one's thinking and view of the world

d. one's thinking and view of the world determines the structure of one's language

17. Which of the following is NOT true of language?

a. Language reflects and organizes people's thoughts.

b. Language is closely related to the expression and understanding of thoughts.

c. Language captures only some of the experiences of the people who speak it.

d. People cannot think about things for which they have no words in their language.

18. According to Whorf, language affects ________.

a. how we think, but not what we think about

b. what we think about but not how we think

c. neither how we think nor what we think about

d. how we think and what we think about

19. The first step in solving a problem is called ________.

a. image construction

b. problem representation

c. developing a prototype

d. developing a heuristic

20. The type of thinking required to solve problems requiring a creative, flexible, or inventive solution is ________ thinking.

a. divergent

b. functional

c. circular

d. convergent

21. The type of thinking needed to solve problems requiring one or a few logically thought-out solutions is ________ thinking.

a. divergent

b. functional

c. convergent

d. circular

22. The tendency to look for evidence in support of a belief and to ignore evidence that would disprove a belief is called the ________.

a. representativeness heuristic

b. idealized cognitive model

c. confirmation bias

d. availability heuristic

23. Gardner and his associates are known for proposing the ________.

a. triarchic theory of intelligence

b. generalized theory of intelligence

c. theory of multiple intelligences

d. theory of emotional intelligence

24. According to Gardner, ________ intelligence is the ability to manipulate one's body in space.

a. spatial

b. intrapersonal

c. bodily-kinesthetic

d. naturalistic

25. A form of intelligence that refers to how effectively people perceive and understand their own feelings and the feelings of others, and can regulate and manage their emotional behavior is ________ intelligence.

a. interpersonal

b. emotional

c. crystallized

d. fluid

26. Charles Spearman believed that ________.

a. intelligence and creativity seldom go together

b. people who are intelligent in one area are usually intelligent in other areas, too

c. people exhibit specific and varied degrees of intelligence in different areas

d. people who are intelligent in math are often not intelligent in verbal skills

27. The pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and situations and distinguishes one person from another is called ____________________.

a. a trait

b. a habit

c. personality

d. learning

28. The pleasure principle is to the reality principle as the _______ is to the _______.

a. ego; id

b. id; ego

c. ego; superego

d. id; superego

29. The id is that part of the personality which operates according to the:

a. pleasure principle.

b. superego.

c. rules of reality.

d. past experiences of the individual.

30. According to psychoanalytic theory, the _______ is the most basic personality system.

a. preconscious

b. ego

c. id

d. superego

31. What did Freud call the part of the personality that begins to develop at about age five?

a. id

b. ego

c. authentic self

d. superego

32. Which of the following Freudian concepts motivates us to better ourselves and live up to our ideals?

a. id

b. ego

c. reality principle

d. superego

33. According to the Highlight article, Freud asserted that ________ lay at the core of his patients' neurotic behavior.

a. low self-esteem

b. casual attitudes toward sex

c. repressed sexual desires

d. cultural bias

34. Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud?

a. the preconscious mind

b. the conscious area

c. suppressions

d. the unconscious

35. According to Freud, the _______ makes up the largest part of our personality.

a. preconscious

b. conscious

c. unconscious

d. These three areas contribute equally to personality.

36. Maria takes good notes in class. Whenever someone who has missed class due to illness asks her if he can copy her notes, she grips them tightly and says "No! They're mine, and I don't wish to share them." A psychoanalytic theorist would probably contend that Maria has a(n) _______ fixation.

a. oral

b. anal

c. phallic

d. genital

37. An orally fixated person would most likely:

a. be an only child.

b. dislike his or her father.

c. be a sloppy dresser.

d. eat and smoke a great deal.

38. Which of the following gives the stages of development outlined by Freud in the order in which they occur?

a. anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital

b. anal, latency, oral, phallic, genital

c. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

d. oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital

39. The superego is that part of the personality which represents the _______.

a. pleasure principle

b. reality principle

c. thanatos

d. conscience

40. The Oedipus and Electra complexes occur during the _______ stage.

a. anal

b. phallic

c. oral

d. latency

41. The stage of personality development which lasts from about age 6 until puberty is known as the _______ stage.

a. phallic

b. anal

c. genital

d. latency

42. Jamie is a joiner. She is interested in other people and events going on around her in the world. In Jung's view, she is an ___________________.

a. archetype

b. endomorph

c. introvert

d. extravert

43. Carl Jung stressed the ___________________ of people.

a. sexual instincts

b. learned motives

c. spiritual qualities

d. primary drives

44. Agnes is seventy years old. According to Erikson, her main task will be to develop a sense of _______.

a. identity

b. initiative

c. generativity

d. integrity

45. According to Jung, our repressed thoughts, undeveloped ideas, and forgotten experiences are contained in the ____________________.

a. persona

b. archetype

c. personal unconscious

d. collective unconscious

46. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are _______.

a. behaviorists

b. psychoanalysts

c. humanists

d. cognitivists

47. According to Rogers, all people have a need for:

a. superiority.

b. sex and aggression.

c. positive regard.

d. anxiety reduction.

48. ___________________theory emphasizes that humans are positively motivated and progress toward higher levels of functioning.

a. Humanistic

b. Psychoanalytic

c. Social learning

d. Trait

49. Adler believed that people often are motivated by __________.

a. feelings of inferiority

b. sexual instincts

c. their locus of control

d. traumatic events during childhood

50. According to Rogers, people brought up with unconditional positive regard _______.

a. tend to be vain and narcissistic

b. tend to act as if they were orally fixated

c. feel valued regardless of their attitudes and behaviors

d. live lives directed toward what others want and value