1. Why is positive reinforcement the most effective way to operantly shape behavior?
a The individual is motivated to repeat behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior.
b It is easier to apply a stimulus (be it punishment or reinforcement) than it is to take something away.
c It is more effective to reinforce behavior (whether negatively or positively) than it is to punish.
d It shows the individual what not to do by providing an absence of reinforcement for undesirable behaviors.

2. With William James, the adaptive role of behavior and the application of psychology to enhance human behavior had their roots in __________.
a functionalism
b synergistic psychology
c structuralism
d humanism

3. Stress that is experienced to be positive is called _______.
a biofeedback
b distress
c stress
d eustress

4. One of Freud's major contributions was his emphasis on ____________/
a the anima vs. the animus
b looking to childhood experiences as motivating unconscious desires
c the pleasure principle
d relativity vs. productivity

5. A researcher would like to study attachments behavior in toddlers. Before beginning the study, the researcher must obtain __________.
a permission from the child's pediatrician
b permission from the parents
c informed consent from the parents
d permission from both the toddler and the parents

6. Hypermnesia, pseudomemories, and perceptual distortions can be effects that occur as a result of __________.
a perceptual constancy
b hypnotic suggestion
c retrograde amnesia
d psychosurgery

7. What are the neurotransmitters called that, when released, decrease the chances that the receiving cell will fire?
a excitatory
b prohibitory
c deactivating
d inhibitory

8. This debate, which started during the Enlightenment, is considered one of the most important debates in psychology.
a nurture vs. nature
b economic social standards vs. the monetary system
c women vs. men
d working with animals vs. working with plants

9. Felicia has been known to walk around her house and even eat out of her refrigerator while she is still in the deep stages of sleep. What would Felicia most likely be diagnosed with?
a insomnia
b agoraphobia
c somnambulism
d schizophrenia

10. Which cognitive theory of motivation would agree with the following statement, " Constructing social environments in a way that they foster a person to experiences him or herself to be autonomous, competent and related, are critical for ensuring people are appropriately motivated."
a self-determination
b cognitive balance
c incentive theory
d cognitive dissonance theory

11. Why is it theorized that simultaneous conditioning is ineffective?
a The subject is not given the chance to anticipate unconditioned stimulus.
b The subject is distracted by the unconditioned stimulus.
c both a and b
d neither a nor b

12. When Mike walked into his calculus professor's office, he could hear a low tonal hum. "Do you hear that?" he asked. "What do you mean?" asked the professor. "That humming sound," said Mike. The professor listened for a few minutes before saying, "Oh, I think I hear it. It's probably the machinery in the lab next door." This is an example of ____________.
a sensory adaptation
b habituation
c absolute threshold
d just noticeable difference

13. Which statement about the Gestalt Principles of Perception is correct?
a They are used to separate out objects that are different from one another.
b They are based primarily on visual information.
c They are used to discern objects' depths in the visual field.
d They are innate mental laws.
e both a and c
f both b and d

14. Which of the following neurochemicals is produced by the pituitary gland and released during strenuous activities?
a endorphin
b oxytocin
c serotonin
d endocannibinoids

15. Which model suggests that information that is processed on a deeper level will be retained in long-term memory for a longer period of time?
a information processing model
b levels-of-processing model
c parallel distributed processing model

16. Which of the following best describes the James-Lange theory of emotions?
a Perceptual experiences cause physiological changes, and these physiological changes cause emotional reactions.
b Perceptual experiences cause emotional reactions, and these emotional reactions cause physiological changes.
c Emotional experiences can occur without any physiological changes.
d Emotional experiences occur as a result of physiological changes.

17. Who believed, despite lack of scientific evidence, that the literal content of dreams also contained latent content that symbolized secret meanings?
a Sigmund Freud
b J. Allan Hobson
c Robert McCarley
d William Domhoff

18. Functions of emotions that moderate interactions between individuals are called ____________.
a intrapersonal functions of emotions
b interpersonal functions of emotion
c unilateral functions of emotions
d Emotions never moderate interactions between individuals.

19. The __________ argues that information is forgotten because it has not been accessed in a long period of time.
a false memory model
b Interference Theory
c encoding model
d decay theory

20. Tasks like driving home or making coffee are considered elements of __________.
a implicit memory
b explicit memory
c short-term memory
d iconic memory

21. The communication that takes place within a neuron is called ____________.
a interneuron communication
b intermittent communication
c intraneural communication
d internalneuron communication

22. Which theory of motivation argues that reinforcement changes the calculations people will make in future scenarios.
a cognitive balance theory
b cognitive dissonance theory
c incentive theory of motivation
d drive-reduction theory

23. Neurons stimulate other, nearby neurons, muscles, or glands through neurotransmitters released from their __________.
a terminal buttons
b dendrites
c axons
d somas

24. The somatic nervous system is part of the ____________.
a central nervous system
b autonomic nervous system
c sympathetic nervous system
d peripheral nervous system

25. Using this brain mapping technology, a computer creates three-dimensional, X-ray image of the brain.
a PET scan
b MRI
c CAT scan
d EEG

26. Which of the following statements about learning is accurate?
a Learning cannot occur unless the individual is mindfully concentrating on the information.
b Learning is a mental process rather than a physical one.
c Learning can occur at any age.
d Learning is a uniquely human phenomenon.

27. Janice is driving to work and thinking about her upcoming meeting, before taking her exit she automatically turns on her directional signal to let other drivers know she will be getting off the high way. Janice turning on her directional signal is an example of?
a parallel processing
b rule-based processing
c orienting reflex
d habituation

28. According to the Schachter-Singer theory of emotions, subjects who experience a state of arousal but have no available explanation for that experience will report ____________.
a stronger emotional experiences
b weaker emotional experiences
c no emotional experiences
d dissonant emotional experiences

29. Lester is being treated for his addiction to heroin by gradually pulling away from the drug and breaking the habit of using, with the final goal of re-establishing healthy habits. What is this type of treatment known as?
a maintenance
b detoxification
c extinction
d gestalt therapy

30. There are three types of cones found in the human eye. They are known as ____________, ____________, and ____________ cones.
a short; medium; long
b on-center; off-center; weak-center
c hue; saturation; brightness
d all of the above

31. Mark's manager tells the staff that they will be given the opportunity to travel with him to high-stakes client meetings and work on those accounts if they reach their goals. Mark's manager is using __________________.
a higher-order conditioning
b the Premack Principle
c conditioned emotional response
d contingency reinforcements

32. One day, instead of carpooling, your spouse offers to drive you to work on their way out of town. Though you've never paid clear attention to the route taken with your carpool, you realize you know the exact way to direct your spouse. This is an example of __________________.
a learning by insight
b latent learning
c observational learning
d elicitation effect

33. An individual whose speech pattern is halted, with many words being mispronounced or left out altogether, most likely has damage to which part of the brain?
a Wernicke's area
b Broca's area
c temporal lobe
d parietal lobe

34. Which is a depth cue that can be judged using only one eye?
a binocular disparity
b linear perspective
c shape constancy
d opponent-process perception

35. In which of the following situations would your rods be the most helpful?
a sitting on a sunny beach
b shopping at a very busy mall
c walking through your campsite at night
d walking through a wide open field

36. Which is an example of a fixed-interval schedule?
a walking up the stairs in your home; getting to the top
b fish nibbling at your fishing line
c being unable to answer all of the emails in your inbox each morning
d the arrival of the mail

37. Which process allows information to be kept in the brain for some period of time?
a encoding
b storage
c memory trace
d retrieval

38. Colorblindness can result from ____________.
a tinting of the lens or cornea
b sensory deprivation from an early age
c one of the opponents in the opponent pair firing too strongly
d genetic defect

39. New ideas and claims in psychological research are based on what type of evidence?
a empirical evidence
b testimonial evidence
c experimental evidence
d anecdotal evidence

40. Janet is pregnant, and is trying to assimilate her dog to young children. Her friends have a toddler, and she asks them to bring her over. She gives the dog a treat, and then allows the toddler to pet the dog. What kind of conditioning is this?
a delayed
b trace
c temporal
d simultaneous
e backward

41. A recognition error that causes an individual to think that he/she recognizes a stimulus that is not actually in memory is known as a __________.
a stimulus refusal
b false memory
c false positive
d recall

42. Which theory of motivation would agree with the following statement: " An organism is motivated to act when experiencing non-ideal stimulation or deprivation, and drives arise in order to return the organism to a balanced state?"
a cognitive approach
b incentive approach
c arousal approach
d drive-reduction

43. What type of retrieval would you use on a multiple choice or True/False test?
a recall
b recognition
c iconic
d echoic
e chunking

44. Some short-term effects of amphetamines include increased body temperature, heart rate, and endurance. What type of drug are amphetamines classified as?
a antidepressants
b depressants
c stimulants
d antipsychotics

45. While Elliot goes through the motions of his everyday life, he also expands his awareness to the things that are occurring around him. What technique is Elliot demonstrating?
a systematic desensitization
b active listening
c focused attention meditation technique
d open monitoring meditation technique

46. In the scientific method, constructing an educated guess is called ______________.
a developing a question
b drawing conclusions
c forming a hypothesis
d reporting results

47. Which of the following best describes emotional cultural relativism?
a There are at least some emotions that are biologically determined and experienced and expressed by all people in all cultures in the same way.
b There are only six fundamental facial expressions.
c Emotional experiences and expressions vary cross-culturally as a result of diverse adaptive pressures and cultural practices.
d None of the above

48. Which of the following is the part of the nervous system that maintains body functions and conserves energy?
a parasympathetic nervous system
b sympathetic nervous system
c peripheral nervous system
d central nervous system

49. Louisa's coworker handed out photocopies before a meeting. On the photocopy, the last few letters of each word was cut off; however, Louisa had no problem reading the document. This is an example of ____________.
a bottom-up processing
b top-down processing
c the law of continuity
d shape constancy

50. Kyra has a disorder that causes her to fall asleep suddenly and without warning. What would Kyra most likely be diagnosed with?
a panic disorder
b narcolepsy
c somatic symptom disorder (SSD)
d dissociative fugue