1. Which of the following statements is true concerning planning in dynamic environments?

A. In an uncertain environment, managers should develop plans that are specific, but flexible.

B. It is important for managers to be rigid in the implementation of their plans.

C. Dynamic market conditions should not allow the organization's destination to change.

D. Organizations seldom experience dynamic environments.

E. In a dynamic environment, plans should be set in stone to keep managers on track.

2. Jonah is a manager of a work group who has created a network of goals with higher-level goals linked to lower-level goals. The lower-level goals pave the way for the higher-level goals to be accomplished. This is an example of ________.

A. a commitment concept

B. a means-ends chain

C. traditional goal-setting

D. a mission

E. a contingency factor