1. Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of infections during surgery?

A. Snow

B. Ehrlich

C Lister

D Semmelweis

E Nightingale

2. All of the following are associated with algae EXCEPT:

A they are photosynthetic organisms.

B they are a source of food for aquatic and marine animals.

C they are important in the degradation of dead plants and animals.

D the group includes seaweeds and kelps.

E they provide most of the oxygen on Earth.

3. Robert Koch was involved in research on all of the following topics EXCEPT:

A development of a method to prove the cause of an infectious disease.

B the cause of anthrax.

C the cause of fermentation.

D techniques for isolation of microbes in the laboratory.

E the cause of tuberculosis.

4. Some vaccines are

A substances used to protect against infections during surgery.

B weakened strains of a pathogen used to protect against disease.

C methods of replacing defective genes.

D substances used to kill microorganisms differentially.

E substances used to treat a metabolic disease such as phenylketonuria.

5. All of the following are associated with Corynebacterium EXCEPT:

A diphtheria.

B palisades.

C coccus.

D binary fission.

E snapping division.

6. Malachite green is used in which of the following staining procedures?

A Gram stain

B endospore stain

C acid-fast stain

D capsule stain

E flagellar stain

7. All of the following are associated with smear preparation EXCEPT:

A killing the microbes in the specimen.

B fixation using heat.

C fixation using methanol or formalin.

D agglutination of the specimen.

E spreading the specimen onto a slide.

8. All of the following are types of light microscopes EXCEPT:

A confocal.

B phase-contrast.

C bright-field.

D scanning tunneling.

E fluorescent.

9. The kingdoms included in the Linnaeus system are:

A Animalia and Prokaryotae.

B Animalia and Plantae.

C Fungi and Protista.

D Protista and Plantae.

E Prokaryotae and Protista.

10. Carl Woese proposed the concept of the domain based on differences of which of the following cellular molecules?

A DNA

B proteins

C membrane lipids

D transfer RNA

E ribosomal RNA