1. We commonly think of ostracism in our own language's idioms, but shunning is a universal principle. Provide at least one term for ostracism that comes from a culture other than your own.

2. Dr. Elliot Aronson proposed using the jigsaw classroom, which promotes cooperative learning, as one way to reduce ostracism among students. Can you think of other ways that exclusion could be reduced among children and inclusion fostered?

3. Think about the study of the mate preferences of 37 different cultures around the world. Outline the evolutionary theory and the social structural theory views of the results of the study. Do you think that these results are complementary or contradictory?