1. To what does the term internal validity refer?
a. the degree to which results of a study can be generalized from one sample to another
b. the process of subject selection
c. the development of a treatment
d. the degree to which the results of a study can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable
2. Susan has twelve subjects drop out of her study. Which threat to internal validity must she consider?
a. mortality
b. history
c. selection
d. randomization
3. Many researchers devise "sham" treatments for their control groups to undergo, meaning that the control group interacts with researchers in some way that is not thought to impact the dependent variable or the outcome. This is done to weaken the argument that the treatment group improvement may have occurred in part simply due to the attention this group received from the researchers. These researchers are attempting to control for which of the following?
a. multiple treatment interference
b. the Hawthorne effect
c. selection
d. experimenter effects
4. Which experimental design involves one experimental group and three control groups?
a. Solomon four-group design
b. pretest posttest control group design
c. posttest only control group design
d. quasi-experimental design
5. Why use nonequivalent control group design?
a. less cost
b. less time involved
c. easier training
d. because you cannot assign subjects to groups
6. In what design is the cause-and-effect argument strongest?
a. experimental design
b. quasi-experimental design
c. pre-experimental design
d. correlational design
7. In quasi-experimental research, when will the cause of differences between groups occur?
a. during the experiment
b. after the experiment
c. it has already occurred
d. it will never occur
8. Compared to longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies ______________.
a. are much less expensive
b. have better comparability of groups
c. have higher mortality rates
d. cost the same
9. If you want to answer a research question regarding whether a particular group of subjects experiences any significant changes in behavior as they age but you do not have the time or money for a traditional longitudinal study, which method would be acceptable?
a. cross-sectional
b. historical
c. follow-up
d. None of the above would be acceptable.20 Final Examination GRM697 The Research Process
10. Which quasi-experimental design is the one most often used?
a. pretest posttest control group design
b. multiple baseline design
c. nonequivalent control group design
d. static group comparison design
11. Single subject designs are useful because they ____________.
a. allow for an in-depth examination of specific behaviors
b. are used when the behavior on which the researcher is focusing is not very well defined in opera tional terms
c. allow for random assignment of participants into groups
d. have no threats to internal validity
12. When reviewing the problem and purpose sections of a research article, which of the following questions would be pertinent?
a. Is the review recent?
b. Are the hypotheses clearly stated?
c. Are the results related to the hypotheses?
d. Is the objective of the study clearly stated?
13. Which is NOT a primary area to evaluate when judging a research report?
a. the hypothesis
b. the answer
c. the problem and purpose
d. references
14. When selecting a dependent variable, you should consider all of the following EXCEPT:
a. the measure has been used before.
b. the validity of the measure has been established.
c. the measure comes with testing forms.
d. norms are available, when applicable.
15. In a research proposal, what should follow the literature review section?
a. appendices
b. literature review
c. implications and limitations
d. method21 Final Examination GRM697 The Research Process
16. In a research proposal, what should follow the implications and limitations section?
a. appendices
b. literature review
c. implications and limitations
d. method
17. Which section of the proposal contains information on the instrumentation used?
a. introduction
b. method
c. implications and limitations
d. literature review
18. What is the shortened title which appears at the top of each proposal page called?
a. an abstract
b. a running head
c. an introduction
d. a reference
19. Which section of a manuscript discusses the reliability of any tests that were used?
a. introduction
b. methods
c. results
d. discussion
20. Which section of a manuscript discusses the general types of data analyses that were planned and used in the study?
a. introduction
b. abstract
c. results
d. method
21. Which is a subsection found in the method section?
a. introduction
b. running head
c. results
d. data analysis
22. What type of information may be contained in the appendices of a manuscript?
a. original data
b. author's notes
c. references
d. both a and c
23. The hypothesis is most likely to appear at the end of which section of a manuscript?
a. introduction
b. methods
c. results
d. references
24. What guidelines do most journals in the social and behavioral sciences follow?
a. Index Medicus
b. American Psychological Association
c. Society of Psychiatric Journals
d. Modern Language Association
25. What material is included in the abstract?
a. a one-sentence statement of the purpose
b. tables showing results
c. a list of sources that were consulted during the research
d. discussion of the important relationships between past research, the purpose of the current study, the hypothesis and the results of the study