1. To bring a Section 1983 claim, a plaintiff must allege that a constitutional right or other federal law was violated, and that the violator was __________

A. In loco parentis

B. Negligent

C. Aiding and abetting a crime

D. Acting under color of state law

2. A school’s rule prohibiting the wearing of hats or other headgear during basketball practice means that a Jewish student is unable to wear his yarmulke at all times, which he believes he should be able to do as part of his practice of his religion. If he sues for a violation of his constitutional right to freedom of religion, what is the court likely to hold?

A. The Free Exercise Clause has been violated.

B. The Establishment Clause has been violated.

C. The Equal Protection Clause has been violated.

D. The Free Exercise Clause has not been violated.