1. The nature of campaign finance tends to favor incumbency because

• members of Congress can use unlimited amounts of money from the U.S. Treasury for their campaigns.
• political action committees prefer to give to members who support their interests.
• members need to raise huge sums of money in order to get re-elected.
• political Action Committees prefer to give to those who are new to politics.

2. The federal system can be thought of as a marble cake because

• the overlap of state and national functions resembles the interweaving of flavors in the cake.
• state and national functions are very distinct.
• it is clear where state authority ends and national authority begins.
• federalism is really a mushy system.

3. John C. Calhoun proposed the following to assert states' right:

• secession from the union.
• the right of the states to take up arms against the national government.
• the right of states to tax the national government.
• nullification and interposition.

4. According to the trustee model of representation, members of Congress

• live by public opinion polls.
• do what they think is right and vote their conscience.
• do as their constituents instruct them.
• obey the dictates of the White House.