1. The assumption that data can be described by a straight line passing through the data array is called
A. normality.
B. linearity.
C. resistance.
D. significance.
2. The letter of transmittal in the written research report includes a discussion of all of the following except
A. authorization for the project.
B. recognition of the person who prepared the report.
C. limitations of the study.
D. scope of the study.
3. Consider the following array of values in a stem-and-leaf display: 5 | 4 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 Which of the following statements best reflects the meaning of this line?
A. The numbers in the data set range from 4 to 9.
B. The variance in the data set is 5.
C. The values in the display are 95, 85, 75, 65, and 45; 95 appears four times and 85 appears twice.
D. There are nine items in the data set, whose first digit is five.
4. Which of the following best expresses the value of using percentages in data presentation?
A. It allows for relative comparisons.
B. It allows for mathematical manipulation of the values.
C. It provides for the calculation of marginals.
D. It focuses on the count of cases.
5. Which of the following is false with respect to cross-tabulation?
A. Row and column totals, called marginals, appear at the bottom and right margins of the table.
B. Each cell contains a count of the cases of the joint classification and also the row, column, and total percentage.
C. When constructed for statistical testing, these tables are called stem-and-leaf tables.
D. Cross-tabulation is a technique for comparing data from two or more categorical variables.
6. Which of the following is true of relationships among nominal measures?
A. When there's complete dependency, the coefficient should be negative.
B. When there's no relationship at all, the coefficient should be 0.
C. When there's no relationship at all, the coefficient should be 1.
D. When there's complete dependency, the coefficient should be positive.
7. Which of the following requires at least the ordinal level of data?
A. Cramer's V
B. Kruskal's tau
C. Chi-square
D. Nonparametric tests
8. All of the following activities except _______ are included in the data preparation process.
A. coding
B. data entry
C. evaluating reliability estimates
D. analyzing frequency distributions
9. What type of hypothesis states that a sample statistic is either greater than or less than the population parameter?
A. Null
B. Three-tailed
C. Two-tailed
D. One-tailed
10. On a survey of how students spend their time, one question asks, "Which of the following best describes your employment status?" The response options provided are (1) not employed, (2) employed part-time, (3) employed full-time, (4) full-time student, and (5) other. Which of the following characteristics of coding rules did the researcher fail to address adequately?
A. Single dimension
B. Exhaustive options
C. Mutual exclusivity
D. Appropriate categories
11. A correlation coefficient cannot imply
A. causation.
B. direction.
C. size.
D. magnitude.
12. In what section are complex tables, statistical tests, and supporting documents placed?
A. Introduction
B. Findings
C. Methodology
D. Appendix
13. When writing for an audience of researchers, which type of written report should be used?
A. Informal
B. Informational
C. Management
D. Technical
14. Which type of display represents frequency data as a bar chart, ordered from most to least important, overlayed with a line graph denoting the cumulative percentage at each variable level?
A. Pareto diagram
B. Stem-and-leaf display
C. Pie chart
D. Histogram
15. Also known as beta error, _______ error occurs when the sample results lead to the nonrejection of a null hypothesis that is, in fact, false.
A. two-tailed
B. Type I
C. one-tailed
D. Type II
16. Which of the following techniques to control pace is thought to make a positive psychological effect on the reader?
A. Use of visual aids
B. Use of well-known vocabulary terms
C. Use of ample white space
D. Use of headings
17. Which of the following is most appropriately displayed with a frequency table?
A. What percentage of people prefer Hunt's brand ketchup?
B. Is advertising more effective in newspapers or magazines?
C. How much explanatory value comes from the study's variables?
D. What is the relationship between gender and brand preference?
18. The level of significance chosen for hypothesis testing is based on
A. the statistical test used.
B. the desired level of confidence one wishes to have in the results.
C. how much risk of a Type I error one is willing to accept.
D. the desired degree of precision.
19. Which of the following choices for displaying data would include values for which no observations occurred?
A. Boxplot
B. Stem-and-leaf display
C. Bar chart
D. Heretical triangle
20. Which type of graphical depiction of frequency values uses a circle shape divided into triangles such that each triangle represents a frequency value?
A. Line graph
B. Pie chart
C. Pareto diagram
D. Histogram