1) Of the following risks to human health, which causes the most human deaths?

Consumer risks
Chemical risks
Biological risks
Personal risks
Physical risks

2) Which of the following would be classified as infectious diseases?
I. Pneumonia
II. Malaria
III. Measles

I only
II only
I and II only
I and III only
I, II, and III

3) One of the ten leading health risks in high-income countries is

malnutrition.
indoor smoke.
high blood pressure.
HIV.
unsafe drinking water.

4) All of the following are correct regarding malaria EXCEPT

malaria is caused by an infection from a Plasmodium protist.
the use of DDT alone can easily control the disease.
malaria causes flulike symptoms.
every year approximately 1 million people die from malaria.
the pathogen spends one stage of its life inside a mosquito.

5) All of the following are correct about emergent infectious diseases EXCEPT

the rapid movement of people can cause unexpected pandemics.
the diseases are all caused by mutations of known viruses.
many of the diseases come from pathogens that jump from animal hosts to humans.
the diseases can mutate rapidly to infect humans.
since the 1970s, an average of one new emergent disease has appeared each year.

6) Which virus likely spread to humans when hunters butchered and ate chimpanzees?

H1N1
Hantavirus
Ebola virus
HIV
Human monkey pox

7) Individuals living near the Republic of Congo in Africa face an extreme biological risk. If infected with this risk, they face a 50 to 90% chance of death due to fever, vomiting, and sometimes internal and external bleeding. This disease risk is

HIV/AIDS.
the Ebola virus.
dengue fever.
malaria.
human monkey pox.

8) The disease that led to the destruction of hundreds of thousands of cows worldwide and prompted wide scale change in the feeding practices of cattle is

bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
avian influenza.
bovine hemorrhagic fever.
H1N1.
mutated-protein prion disease.

9) All of the following are correct regarding the pathogen leading to the bird flu epidemic of 2006 EXCEPT

humans have a long immune history with the virus.
the virus is a type of influenza virus.
the virus is typically passed among species of birds.
the virus jumped from birds to people in Asia.
scientists believe the virus has great potential to mutate and kill over 100 million people.

10) A pathogen of an emergent disease that lives in hundreds of species of birds and is transmitted by mosquitoes is

Plasmodium.
the avian flu virus.
the west nile virus.
the Ebola virus.
Yersinia pestis.

11) In both high- and low-income countries, ____ is needed to reduce the spread of HIV and tuberculosis.

rapid notification of incidences of disease
greater food availability
continued education
better sanitation
research in genetic mutations of viruses

12) Most insecticides are highly effective due to their ability to impair nerve transmission in insects. This category of chemicals is known as

teratogens.
allergens.
neurotoxins.
endocrine disrupters.
carcinogens.

13) Heavy metals, such as mercury and lead, pose a threat to individuals when found in the environment. They belong to the class of chemicals called

carcinogens.
neurotoxins.
teratogens.
allergens.
endocrine disrupters.

14) Carcinogens can cause damage to cells by
I. damaging the genetic material of the cell.
II. interfering with the normal metabolic processes of the cell.
III. rupturing cell organelles.

I
II
I and II
I and III
I, II, and III

15) A compound in plastics that is classified as an endocrine disruptor is

formaldehyde.
asbestos.
vinyl chloride.
phthalates.
PCBs.

16) Studies conducted by scientists to assess the risk of chemicals include
I. dose-response studies.
II. chronic studies.
III. retrospective studies.

I only
II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II, and III

17) Studies that last for only 1 to 4 days in which scientists measure mortality of organisms as a response to a dose of a chemical are known as

acute studies.
biomagnification studies.
prospective studies.
chronic studies.
retrospective studies.

18) When nonlethal effects of chemicals are studied, such as a chemical having neurotoxic attributes, the dose that causes 50% of the individuals to display the effect is known as the

SL50.
SE50.
SLE50.
LD50.
ED50.

19) The U.S. legislation that provides for the regulation of many chemicals by the EPA, not including pesticides, food, and cosmetics, is the

Clean Water Act.
Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976.
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1996.
Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals Act.
Clean Air Act

20) A study focusing on the long term effects of a chemical on the reproduction of trout would be categorized as a(n)

prospective study.
chronic study.
ED50 study.
acute study.
retrospective study.

21) The nuclear accident at Chernobyl in 1986 has provided scientists with data on the effects of radiation on humans. This study of radiation sickness and thyroid cancers would be best classified as a(n)

retrospective study.
chronic study.
acute study.
prospective study.
LD50 study.

22) Asbestos exposure is more dangerous to individuals who smoke cigarettes. This is due to

the bioaccumulation of asbestos in the lungs.
the synergistic interactions between the two risks.
the high LD50 of asbestos.
the solubility of asbestos in the bloodstream.
the biomagnification of the chemicals in tobacco.

23) A phytoplankton is continually exposed to an oil-soluble chemical. Over time, the concentration of the chemical within the phytoplankton increases. This is an example of

PCB persistence.
synergistic properties.
biomagnification.
bioaccumulation.
synergistic interactions.

24) A most famous case of biomagnification is

the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico.
the Bhopal India pesticide accident.
DDT and the decline of fish-eating birds.
atrazine and the loss of amphibian species.
thalidomide and the babies affected by it.

25) Which of the following represents an environmental hazard?
I. UV radiation
II. Pregnancy
III. Arsenic

I
III
I and II
I and III
I, II, and III

26) Which international agreement placed restriction on a list of 12 chemicals, known as "the dirty dozen"?

The Montreal Protocol of 1987
The REACH Convention of 2007
The Cairo Convention of 1994
The Kyoto Accord of 1997
The Stockholm Convention of 2001

27) Which of the following is an example of a biological risk?

Earthquake
Pregnancy
Malaria
Arsenic
Alcohol

28) Which of the following is an example of a chemical risk?

Thalidomide
Plague
Tornado
Malnutrition
HIV