1. List the five approaches that are used to describe values for guiding ethical decision making. Briefly describe each.

2. As you have learned, planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are fundamental management functions. Write a short essay that addresses the following questions: What is planning and how important is it to an organization's success? What is the difference between a plan and a goal? Include a simple example that illustrates the difference between a plan and a goal.

3. What three factors combine to create the situation in Fiedler's Leadership Contingency Theory? Explain each.

The three factors are leader-member relations, task structure, and position power.

4. Managers gather information in the workplace through many different forums, some formal and some informal. In a short essay, assess the effectiveness of various personal communication channels compared with the primary forms of communication used in most traditional, vertically organized companies.

5.  What is downward communication and what are five topics generally included with downward communication?

6. Describe the difference between centralized networks and decentralized networks.

Downward communication is those messages sent from top management down to subordinates. It normally includes (1) implementation of goals, strategies, and objectives, (2) job instructions and rationale, (3) procedures and practices, (4) performance feedback, and (5) indoctrination.