1. Know the important strategy of coupling thermodynamically unfavorable reactions with thermodynamically favorable reactions to drive a reaction forward.

2. Know how to add DG°' of individual (or half reactions) in coupled reactions to obtain DG°' for the overall reaction

3. In general and in principle, know the relationship between the concentrations of reactants and products in relation to reaction spontaneity and how this might drive thermodynamically unfavorable reactions OR prevent thermodynamically favorable reactions (that is, know this but do not memorized the equation)

4. Be able to interpret DG and DG°' to predict from the sign (+ or -) whether a reaction will go forward or backwards,

5. Know what activated carriers are and how they are involved in metabolism. This includes activated carriers of phosphoryl groups, electrons, acyl and aldehyde groups

6. Be able to recognize the structures of ATP, NAD+/NADH, FAD/FADH2 and Coenzyme A and know the reactive sites for each (where the group is carried by each)

7. What is the role of vitamins in metabolism (look at Tables 15.2 and 15.3 for a reminder), i.e. why are vitamins important, how do they help in metabolic reactions.

8. Be able to recognize structures of the redox coenzymes NAD+, NADP+ and FAD and know where the H or H’s go when they are reduced (ie, the reactive sites)

9. Know and be able to describe, define and recognize the six types of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and enzyme classifications (define in words and/or identify from given reactions)