1. In ______ reinforcement, a response is strengthened because something is added, while in ______ reinforcement, a response is strengthened because something is taken away.

a. negative; positive

b. primary; negative

c. positive; negative

d. secondary; positive

2. Two weeks ago, James, a seventh-grader, was given a series of math problems to complete in class. James had not been doing so well in math class, failing the last three assignments. But for this work, James receives a grade of A, and his teacher verbally praises him for doing so well. This example best illustrates what concept discussed in this chapter?

a. operant conditioning

b. negative reinforcement

c. descriptive praise

d. positive reinforcement

3. A group of students were listening to their teacher when suddenly they saw a snake on the floor. Immediately, all the students ran to the opposite side of the classroom away from the snake. It appears that the students had all developed a fear of snakes, despite never having encountered one before. What concept discussed in this chapter might account for these responses?

a. stimulus generalization

b. biological preparedness

c. spontaneous recovery

d. higher order conditioning