1. Encoding refers to the process of:

a. translating communication symbols to ideas.

b. converting ideas into symbols such as words or gestures.

c. conceiving an idea.

d. responding to someone else's communication.

2. Layers of hierarchy is a barrier to communication because:

a. each level can add to, take from, qualify, or change the original message.

b. organizational hierarchy contradicts the principle of specialization.

c. communication at higher levels of management is always informal and ambiguous, and the information is out of reach of the lower levels of management.

d. top level managers hesitate to give employees unwelcome information as employees exercise power over their rewards and penalties.

3. The means used to pass a message is the:

a. probe.

b. feedback.

c. channel.

d. symbol.

4. Which of the following is true of delegation?

a. Managers usually delegate more to employees who they perceive to be incompetent.

b. Some leaders do not delegate because of a lack of trust in other workers.

c. Managers do not delegate because delegation is ineffective in building skills.

d. Some leaders do not delegate because employees are held accountable for results.