1. During the
A. judgment
B. production
C. preparation
D. algorithm phase of problem solving, a means-ends analysis is a very common heuristic.

2. Which of the following is a specific technique used in behavior modification?
A. Training a subject in helpful weight-loss strategies
B. Selecting a behavior-change strategy
C. Keeping no records as the program is implemented
D. Reinforcing drug-related behaviors

3. As a volunteer subject in a sleep research lab, Conrad is routinely awakened each time he shows physiological signs of entering REM sleep. As a result, we would not be surprised to discover that, during Session 19, when Conrad is left undisturbed all night,
A. Conrad exhibits more time spent in REM sleep.
B. The content of Conrad's dreams tends to reflect concern with excretive functions.
C. The content of Conrad's dreams is significantly more focused on threat or violence.
D. Conrad exhibits less time spent in REM sleep.

4. In a lab devoted to sleep disorders Julio points to the brain wave monitor, turns to Laura and says, "Subject is going into non-REM Stage 2." Laura looking at the monitor, says, "Got it; I'm recording the time." What would Laura and Julio see on the monitor to assure them that the subject has entered Stage 2 sleep?
A. Sleep disturbance is indicated by sharp wave spikes.
B. Sleep spindles appear.
C. Brain waves are getting slower and more regular.
D. Brain waves are irregular and episodic.

5. Natasha has been living Philadelphia for several months and is rapidly mastering the English language. However, she often turns to her American friend, Emily, when she is uncertain about a concept. One day, Natasha turns to Emily and asks, "What are you meaning when you say this word 'vehicle'?" If you were Emily, which of these prototypes would be most likely to point to feel fairly certain that Natasha "gets it"?
A. A iet liner nassin2 overhead.

B. An elevator
C. An escalator
D. An automobile

6. Which of the following statements regarding hypnosis is the best response?
A. In general, today's researchers have concluded that hypnosis is distinct from ordinary waking consciousness.
B. All people are susceptible to hypnosis.
C. People who are most susceptible to hypnosis are unable to concentrate on anything for very long.
D. Not all psychologists feel that hypnosis is a distinct altered state of consciousness.

7. A common repetitive technique for moving new information from short-term memory to long-term
memory is called
A. selective reduction.
B. elaboration.
C. rehearsal.
D. reduction.

8. A particular kind of neuron, called a
A. cognitive
B. modeling
C. mirror
D. reflective neuron, fires when we observe someone else's behavior.

9. Professor Dore maintains that language develops through the interplay of genetically determined factors
and environmental influences that shape how language is learned. Professor Dore supports the
A. interaction approach to language development.
B. learning theory approach to language development.
C. linguistic-relativity hypothesis.
D. nativist approach to language development.

10. The most frequently abused nervous system depressant is
A. cocaine.
B. alcohol.
C. caffeine.
D. marijuana.

11. After taking the drug, Rupert reported vivid hallucinations, altered perception of sounds and colors, and
distorted time perception. It's most likely that the drug Rupert took was
A. MDMA.
B. cocaine.
C. marijuana.
D. LSD.

12. A
A. positive
B. neutral
C. conditional
D. primary reinforcement is one that satisfies a biological need.

13. According to information provided in your text, circadian rhythms are associated with
A. the occurrence of anxiety attacks.
B. attacks of sleep apnea.
C. cycles of waking and sleeping.
D. the time of month that pregnant women are likely to go into labor.

14. Trying to make sense of an article in the world events section of the Daily Mirror, Matlock turns to Thomas and asks, "Where's Khartoum?" Thomas, looking up from his coffee, says, "Africa. It's the capital of Sudan." If you hold with the idea that long-term memory includes distinct modules, what sort of memory does Thomas's reply indicate?
A. Procedural-episodic
B. Declarative-episodic
C. Procedural-semantic
D. Declarative-semantic

15. Which of the following statements regarding latent learning is most accurate?
A. Latent learning occurs in spite of negative reinforcement.
B. Latent learning suggests that environmental knowledge is genetically predetermined.
C. Latent learning doesn't require cognitive processes.
D. Latent learning occurs without reinforcement.

16. After Kate's visit to Paris, her memories about what she saw and learned were influenced by music in the background, by the comments of her traveling companion, and by the light reflecting off the Seine, reminding Kate of her childhood home on the banks of the Wabash. Psychologists would say Kate's memories of Paris are influenced by the meanings she gave to aspects of her experience through
A. episodic memory.
B. implicit memories.
C. flashbulb memories.
D. constructive processes.

17. Methadone can be used to treat heroin addiction. However, the main drawback in this sort of treatment is that methadone
A. is biologically addictive.
B. is psychologically addictive.
C. is very expensive to produce, since it's derived from rare tropical plants.
D. provides the same sort of "high" the addict experiences with heroin.

18. I want to condition a pet pig to come running for a food reward when I blow a whistle. In the process of this conditioning effort, the main idea is to
A. pair a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
B. teach the pig to pay attention to the sound of a whistle.
C. pair a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
D. teach the pig to expect food when it's hungry.

19. You deprive your six-year-old of dessert each time he fails to eat his spinach. In this sort of you weaken a response through taking away something pleasant or desired.
A. negative punishment
B. positive punishment
C. positive reinforcement
D. negative reinforcement

20. I help Cameron learn to play a guitar by guiding him through a sequence of reinforced behaviors, such as holding the guitar, tuning the guitar, and properly fingering simple chords. In the operant conditioning perspective, this is called
A. gradual reinforcement.
B. shaping.
C. latent learning.
D. graded reinforcement.