1. Defining the purpose of a message means that you are

   a. writing the main assertion of the message.

   b. defining the desired outcome of the message.

   c. deciding what you are going to talk about.

   d. giving the actual speech.

2. A good principle that applies to organizing information covering familiar and unfamiliar material is:

   a. Only use the familiar material in the message.

   b. Begin with the unfamiliar material and work towards the familiar.

   c. Arrange known material at the beginning and move towards the unknown.

   d. Match each familiar concept with an unfamiliar one.

3. When a speaker alerts the audience to the fact that in the future they may be confronted by arguments that are not supported by their new beliefs, the speaker is using

   a. refutation treatment.

   b. generalized forewarning.

   c. climatic arguments.

   d. negotiation principles.

4. Which of the following is not true: When people maximize the advantages of a decision while minimizing the disadvantages, they are

   a. increasing consonance because they are confirming that their decision was the correct one.

   b. decreasing dissonance by justifying their actions.

   c. working to negate the other options that were not chosen.

   d. often being unrealistic about how strong the disadvantages can be.

5. The primacy effect means that

   a. the message that is presented last is the most effective.

   b. when a speaker presents a persuasive message, it is most likely to be accepted when the audience has prior knowledge of the subject.

   c. the message that is presented first is the most effective.

   d. persuasive messages are rarely taken seriously.