1) Alan conducted a study of 124 low achieving second-grade learners' preferences for instructional methods in mathematics and is preparing the report.  In the first group, math concepts were initially introduced using "manipulatives." "Manipulatives" are objects designed to teach mathematical concepts by manipulating the objects.  In the second group, the same concepts were initially introduced through instructor-led presentation. Both before and after instruction, Alan assessed understanding of the concepts with a set of math problems. His research hypothesis was that those who were initially taught through instructor-led presentation would perform better than those initially taught through the use of "manipulatives." He found no differences between the groups.

A) The content describing "124 low-achieving second grade learners" would be placed in which section of Alan's report?

B) The research problem asks if second-grade students learn math concepts best through use of "manipulatives" or through instructor-led presentation. In which section of Alan's report would the statement of the research problem be placed?

2) Alex conducted a study on the typical strategies of emerging writers. He interviewed a dozen writers and analyzed writing samples from each of them over the course of 3 years.

A) In which section of his report is Alex likely to include a description of the writers?

B) In which section of his report is Alex likely to include a description of the techniques he used to score the writing samples?