1. A research subject supplies anonymous information/data when

a. the researcher cannot link a given piece of information to the particular subject.

b.the researcher is able to link information to the subject but promises not to do so publicly.

c. the researcher is able to link information to the subject but is contractually obligated not to disclose the information to any other person.

d.none of the above

2. Validity that is related to the logical relationships between variables is known as

face validity

construct validity.

convergent validity.

criterion-related validity.

3. A researcher discovers that rates of uninsured motorists are higher in states with high unemployment rates and concludes that unemployed people are less likely to carry vehicle insurance than employed people. This researcher has made the error of

a. drawing conclusions about individuals based solely on observation of groups.

b. limiting the kinds of concepts and variables to be considered as causes.

c. making an explanation based solely on environmental factors.

d. drawing conclusions about groups or aggregates based solely on the observation of individuals.

4. Which of the following statements is accurate regarding necessary and sufficient causes?

a. A necessary cause represents a condition that, by and large, must be present for the effect to follow.

b. A sufficient cause represents a condition that, if it is present, will pretty much guarantee the effect in question.

c. In social science, evidence of either necessary or sufficient cause is often used as the basis for concluding that a relationship is causal.

d. All of the above statements are accurate.