1. A comparison of the femoral heads and femoral necks of A. robustus and modern humans shows that the structures are the same in both species. 
TRUE or FALSE

2. A paleoanthropologist can look to a specimen's __ to identify bipedality.

A. foot
B. femur
C. vertebral column
D. pelvis
E. All of these

3. Among hominoids, the observed degree of phalangeal shaft curvature appears to be directly related to the frequency with which a given species engages in arboreal climbing and suspensory behaviors.  Suspensory primates have __ phalanges.

A. Straight and flat
B. Straight and round
C. curved and round
D. Curved and flat

4. Australopithecus afarensis is unlike modern humans in that its relative arm length more closely approaches that of
A. baboons
B. arboreal quadrupeds
C. vertical clinger and leapers
D. suspensory primates

5. Australopithecus afarensis specimens dating to 3.2 million years ago show

A. all of the same anatomical features for bipedality
B. several critical adaptions to bipedalism
C. were full time quadrueds that could walk up on two legs for short distances
D. none of these

6. Humans and apes share the same number of lumbar vertebrae.

TRUE or FALSE

7. Humans are 'unbalanced' in locomotion because half the time we have all our weight on oonly one leg.

TRUE or FALSE

8. If you place ape and human femora next to each other on a table, you will notice that the ape's femur stands almost vertically, while the femur of the human forms an angle with the tabletop.  The effect of this angle is to

A. permit the body to engage in a bipedal stance
B. enable a quadrupedal stance
C. is meaningless because these elements are viewed in isolation from the rest of the body
D. bring the knees closer together, placing the feet directly below the center of gravity

9. If you were to examine the distal metatarsals of an extinct primate species and found that the specimen possessed large sized first metatarsals, you could infer that this species

A. was most likely a vertical clinger and leaper
B. engaged in bipedal striding locomotion
C. was a part time biped that didn't stride with much force
D. engaged in quadrupedalism but could move bipedally

10. In bipeds the first metatarsal is largest of the metatarsals.  The size indicates that this element encounters high __ during locomotion.

A. repetitions
B. motion
C. force
D. speed

11. Recent research has suggested that humans (as well as great apes and bears) walk from heel to toe

A. as a response to relative aggressivness
B. to expend less energy
C. to better sompete for mates
D. all of these

12. Some australopithecines show adaptations for bipedalism and yet retain other adaptations that appear to point to some

A. arboreal behaviors
B. quadrupedal behaviors
C. terrestrial quadrupedalism
D. verticle clinging and leaping

13. Suspensory primates have the highest Humerofemoral indices for their body mass.

TRUE or FALSE

14. The adaptation for bipedalism appears to be the result of a single selective presure, namely the loss of trees in the environment.

TRUR or FALSE

15. The finger and toes bones of bipedal species tend to be

A. short and flat
B. long and curved
C. short and curved
D. long and flat

16. The Humerofemoral index of A. afarensis is within the lowest range of suspensory hominoids.

TRUE or FALSE

17. The ilium, pubis, and ischium are fused in adults to form

A. the medial cuneiform
B. the lumbar curve
C. the pelvic bone
D. the calcaneus

18. The medial cuneiform is a small bone in the foot that articulates with the __ and in bipeds restricts the degree of __ of this joint.

A. calcaneus / the size
B. third metatarsal / adduction
C. forth metacarpal / flexion
D. first metatarsal / abduction

19. There are several critical adaptations to bipedalism that are found in even the earliest hominids, including

A. short, broad illium
B. "keystone" shaped sacrum
C. "valgus" knee
D. all of these

20. While humans and African apes are capable of bipedal locomotion

A. humans are much more "unbalanced" at walking bipedally than the apes
B. they both are better suited for quadrupedalism
C. the apes are not anatomically adapted for it
D. the apes poses a heel to toe stride not found in humans

21. A larger olecranon-ulnar index implies more powerful forearm extension.

TRUE or FALSE

22. A possible explanation for the differences among hominid species' Humerofemoral Index and Body Mass is that

A. different hominid species demonstrated different degrees of reliance on tools for food processing
B. differences in body size drive differences in cheek tooth area, with smaller forms always having larger teeth
C. the smaller sized species are always fully bipedal and terrestrial
D. differences in body size drive differences in cheek tooth area, with larger forms always having larger teeth

23. All species of the genus Homo are known from eastern Africa.

TRUE or FALSE

24. Anatomically modern humans first appear in __ about 150,000 years ago.

A. Asia
B. Africa
C. Europe
D. Australia

25. Cro Magnon

A. are archaic Homo sapiens that display both primitive and derived traits
B. is the name give to Homo erectus is Asia
C. refers to early modern humans in Europe
D. is a special term for humans that evolved from Neanderthals

26. Deciding whether to attribute the morpological variation in hominid fossil specimens to differences between species or to a high degree of sexual dimorphism is a difficult task, and this is especially true for

A. Homo erectus
B. modern Homo sapiens
C. early Homo
D. Homo neanderthalensis

27. DNA data supports the conclusion that Neanderthals are not ancestors to modern humans.
TRUE or FALSE

28. Early fossil Homo is marked by a very __ skeleton, and this pattern __ that of later archaic Homo sapiens.

A. robustly built / is shared with
B. well designed / differs from
C. sturdy / does not resemble
D. gracile / is identical to that of

29. Early species attributed to the genus Homo have contrasting dental adaptations.  Homo habilis more closely resembles the __, while Homo erectus shares the greatest similarities with __.

A. australopithecines / modern humans and hominoids

B. the smallest hominoids / the largest hominoids

C. hominoids / modern humans
D. hominins / the living apes

30. Homo erectus is presumed to be the first human to leave Africa.

TRUE or FALSE