1. A comparison of one thing to another based on a perceived similarity.

A) Analogy

B) Two Wrongs Make a Right

C) Indirect Proof

D) Questionable Cause

2. The fallacy in which it is assumed parts of an item have a particular property because the item as a whole has that property.

A) Premise

B) Division

C) Indirect Proof

'D) Unrepresentative Sample

3. An attack on one's opponent rather than one's opponent's argument

A) Faulty Comparison

B) Fake Dilemma

C) Categorical Proposition

D) Ad Hominem Argument

4. Valid reasoning from justified (warranted) premises that include all likely relevant information.

A) Cogent Reasoning

B) Guilt by Association

C) Indirect Proof

D) Contradiction

5. A limited perspective shaped by the ideas, interests, and kinds of behavior favored by the groups with which we identify.

A) Delusional

B) Composition

C) Tokenism

D) Provincialism

6. Drawing conclusions about a population on the basis of a sample that is too small to be a reliable measure of that population.

A) Small Sample

B) Rationalization

C) Minor Term

D) Suppressed Evidence

7. Use of a term in a passage to mean one thing in one place and something eke in another.

A) Superstition

B) Inconsistent

C) Equivocation

D) Cogent Reasoning

8. A statement that is necessarily fake, or a group of statements that, taken together, are inconsistent.

A) Division

B) Contradiction

C) Questionable Cause

D) Suppression

9. Consciously believing at a deeper level what we know to be dubious.

A) Conclusion

B) Irrelevant Reason

C) Self-Deception

D) Mood

10. The fallacious drawing of a conclusion from relevant but insufficient evidence.

A) Middle Term

B) Loyalty

C) Appeal to Authority

D) Hasty Conclusion

11. Is the following argument valid or invalid? If valid, explain whether it is deductive or inductive. If invalid, explain why: "Mrs. Kelvin has accused me of intentionally denting her rear fender. I neither confirm nor deny this however in telling her story she leaves out an important point. As we were both leaving our driveways that morning, I backed onto the street first. She saw this and then deliberately pulled in front of my vehicle as I wa: preparing to continue down the street. Mrs. Kelvin intended to cut me off, so what happened to her car was entirely her fault:.

12. According to the text which is the most accurate statement about Socialism?

A) It advocates the rights of workers and the impoverished over those of the intellectual and upper classes.

B) It is a largely European ideal that has never been widely embraced outside of Western Europe.

C) Socialism, more than a simple theory, is comprised of a series of movement, groups, and varying trends of thought.

D) It is a radical political movement wherein activists attempt to subvert the rights to property ownership within a given nation state.

13. Is the following argument valid or invalid? If valid, explain whether it is deductive or inductive. If invalid, explain why: 'After careful consideration, it is the determination of the board that free soda will no longer be provided in the break room. Before making this decision, a survey was distributed amongst all members of the upper management to determine their opinion on the matter. Based on the majority of responses, it was evident that withdrawing the free soda will not have any significant negative effect on morale

14. Which statement can be inferred from the text?

A) Rather than a new theory, socialism and communism have deep roots in Western egalitarian thought that stretches at least as far back as the 17th Century.

B) At their core, socialism and communism are irrevocably tied to the idea of a revolution of the working classes.

C) Was originally invented by industrialists and aristocrats as a means of further manipulating and controlling the peasant and working classes of France and England

D) Socialism, though it still persists as a theory, is little used and has failed wherever it has been implemented.

15. Based on the text:

A) Though not invented by Marx, socialism was popularized by him. Additionally, his theories on the subject have long been considered the last, best word on the subject.

B) Socialism was at its height in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, and has since faded in importance and significance.

C) Socialism was the theoretical precursor of communism which was why Marx envisioned the first phase of the revolution to be socialism.

D) The original, formal theory of socialism was envisioned by two radical members of the upper class who wished to convince others within the ruling elite to convert to their way of thinking.

16. Which statement most accurately reflects the development of the theory of socialism?

A) Was instrumental in reforming the political systems of both England and France by better securing the rights of all classes.

B) It was originally created to foment unrest amongst the working classes by exaggerating the negative aspects of capitalism.

C) It is much more than just the ideas or writings of Karl Marx, rather it is an idea that developed over time, its roots based in early theories of communism and coming into its own during the industrial revolution.

D) Was a precursor to theories of capitalism and private property developed by educated members of the working class.

17. Is the following argument valid or invalid? If valid, explain whether it is deductive or inductive. If invalid, explain why: "Mr. Michaels believes that he is the only person on the ballot capable of running our town. He says so time and again in his campaign speeches and ads. What he fails to mention is that he is an alcoholic womanizer with no scruples. Who in their right mind could vote for that?"