1. _________________ increase the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire.
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Refractory periods
Synaptic clefts
2. ____________, released by the adrenal gland, is a hormone that is responsible for maintaining the activation of bodily systems during prolonged stress.
Melatonin
Testosterone
Calcitonin
Cortisol
3. The myelin sheath insulates the ___________ so that the impulse travels more efficiently and strengthens the connection to adjacent neurons.
synapse
axon
serotonin
acetylcholine
4. ____________ studies allow researchers to assess how genetic differences interact with environment to produce certain behavior in some people but not in others.
Gemellology
Genome mapping
Gene-by-environment
Gene-by-behavior
5. Traits that are determined by a single gene are termed as ____________.
epigenetic
monogenic
recessive
diploidic
6. A(n) _______________ contains a nucleus and other components needed for cell maintenance and function.
axon
pon
dendrite
soma
7. The ________________ is the part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord.
autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
central nervous system
8. The ______________ is the impulse of positive charge that runs one way down an axon.
neurotransmission
action potential
resting potential
refractory period
9. ______________ is involved in voluntarily controlling muscles and is released during feelings of pleasure or reward.
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Dopamine
Glutamate
10. After three-month-old Sayuri watches her father stick out his tongue, she sticks out her own tongue too. It is likely that ____________ neurons are involved in Sayuri's learning and imitation of this behavior.
olfactory
leukocyte
tactile
mirror
11. The ___________ gland sits in the neck region and releases hormones that control the rate of metabolism.
salivary
thyroid
alveolar
pituitary
12. The _______________ is known as the master gland of the body.
adrenal gland
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
tubular gland
13. The _____________, which sit atop the kidneys, release hormones in response to stress and emotions.
salivary glands
adrenal glands
pituitary glands
thyroid glands
14. Extending directly from the spinal cord, the ____________ regulates breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
cerebellum
pons
medulla
thalamus
15. People who suffer from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tend to have unusually low levels of ___________.
dopamine
epinephrine
norepinephrine
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
16. A network of nerves called the ________________ runs through both the hindbrain and the midbrain.
amygdala
thalamus
sensory network
reticular formation
17. The ______ evolved after the hindbrain, and is the smallest of the three major brain areas.
hippocampus
midbrain
thalamus
limbic system
18. The _____________ transmits electrical impulses toward the adjacent neuron.
soma
axon
nucleus
synapse
19. Atifa's growth and metabolism rates are not normal for her age. After diagnosis, she has been found to have endocrine issues. From this scenario, we can conclude that Atifa's ___________ gland is not functioning properly.
pituitary
pancreas
adrenal
thyroid
20. The __________ potentials bring the neuron closer to threshold, while the _______ potentials bring it farther away from threshold.
inhibitory; actual
resting; excitatory
graded; resting
excitatory; inhibitory
21. The _____________ is involved in various kinds of reflexes, such as coughing, swallowing, sneezing, and vomiting.
thalamus
medulla
hippocampus
amygdala
22. The _______________ contains more neurons than any other single part of the brain.
hippocampus
thalamus
cerebellum
pons
23. The ____________ is a small, almond-shaped structure located directly in front of the hippocampus.
amygdala
cortex
cerebrum
parietal lobes
24. Sounds below 20 Hz are called _______.
subsonic
hypersonic
supersonic
ultrasonic
25. The top layers of skin have receptor cells that are sensitive to different tactile qualities. These receptors are called _______.
photoreceptors
papillae
hair cells
mechanoreceptors
26. ________ occurs when a person experiences sensations in one sense when a different sense is stimulated.
Allochiria
Myopia
Synesthesia
Presbyopia
27. Which of the following statements is true of the sensation of taste by humans?
The central part of the tongue holds all the taste buds.
Human experience of taste results from stimulation of taste buds on the front, sides, and rear of the tongue.
The papillae at the center region of the tongue are exclusively responsible for processing umami.
Humans cannot differentiate between different types of taste with the help of the papillae.
28. Which of the following parts of the human ear is a bony tube, curled like a snail's shell, and filled with fluid?
The pinnae
The cochlea
The oval window
The anvil
29. The wavelength range of colors visible to humans ranges from 350 nm to 750 nm. Light that we perceive as ________ is at 450 nm.
green
blue
red
yellow
30. Yasmin no longer senses the sound of air conditioner as she sits in the classroom. She has stopped attending to its stimulation because she sits in the same classroom every day. Psychologists call this experience _______.
convergence
accommodation
sensory adaptation
sublimation
31. According to recent research, emotions like ______ could worsen the experience of pain.
happiness
sadness
pleasure
contentment
32. As the stirrup vibrates, it moves a membrane that covers the inner ear, called the _______.
tympanic membrane
basilar membrane
oval window
cochlea
33. The pinnae collect and funnel sounds into a passage known as the _______.
cochlea
buccal cavity
auditory canal
basilar membrane
34. Ruth is at a junkyard looking for spare parts for her car. As she wanders through the rows of cars, she happens upon a particular car which has a familiar set of wheels, windshield, doors, hood, and trunk, and she realizes she is looking at her own model of car. This type of visual perception is known as _______.
atmospheric perspective
bottom-up processing
perceptual constancy
difference threshold
35. In a certain experiment, a research subject is supposed to hear the sound of a bell. The sound of the bell that the research subject can hear in 50 percent the trials is his _______.
absolute threshold
sensor resolution
perceptual set
convergence
36. A ________ is not reporting a stimulus that is not present.
miss
false alarm
correct rejection
hit
37. The process by which the muscles control the shape of the lens to adjust to viewing objects at different distances is known as _______.
polarization
convergence
accommodation
diffraction
38. A false alarm is:
not reporting a stimulus that is not present.
failing to detect a stimulus that is present.
correctly detecting a stimulus that is present.
saying that a stimulus is present when it is not.
39. ________ is a complex emotional and sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
Dreaming
Pain
Smell
Taste
40. Processing in which perception of the whole guides perception of smaller elemental features is called _______.
top-down processing
perceptual constancy
opponent process theory
atmospheric perspective
41. ________ happens when objects closer to the viewer often overlap with those farther away.
Dark adaptation
Perception
Interposition
Convergence
42. The lowest intensity levels of a stimuli a person can detect half of the time is known as _______.
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
sensor resolution
amplitude
43. Light enters the eye at the _______.
pupil
lens
cornea
iris
44. Beth is looking down a path of railroad tracks, and the two rails seem to meet far in the distance. This cue to depth is known as _______.
top-down processing
motion parallax
linear perspective
sound localization
45. ________ is a clear, hard covering that protects the lens.
Retina
Iris
Pupil
Cornea
46. Feature detection research suggests that visual perception is a process of building a visual experience from smaller pieces. We put the pieces together, and then we "see" the whole. This perspective is known as _______.
difference threshold
opponent process theory
trichromatic color theory
bottom-up processing
47. What is a difference threshold?
It is the smallest amount of change between two stimuli that a person can detect half of the time.
It is the process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory experience.
It is the highest amount of physical stimulation that an individual can detect half of the time.
It is the lowest level of a physiological stimulus that humans can sense half of the time.
48. After entering through the cornea, light passes through liquid until it reaches a hole called the _______.
iris
pupil
fovea
lens