1. You deprive your six-year-old of dessert each time he fails to eat his spinach. In this sort of _______, you weaken a response through taking away something pleasant or desired.

A. negative punishment

B. positive punishment

C. negative reinforcement

D. positive reinforcement

2. Responding to stimuli that are similar-but not identical-to a conditioned stimulus is called

A. spontaneous recovery.

B. respondent reinforcement.

C. stimulus discrimination.

D. stimulus generalization.

3. Which of the following best illustrates a negative reinforcer?

A. On a hot day, Lindberg always drinks lemonade.

B. Carmine changes his major to English lit after failing a math exam.

C. Copland gives up candy to stave off chronic acid indigestion.

D. Nancy learns that she prefers chocolate over vanilla.

4. After Kate's visit to Paris, her memories about what she saw and learned were influenced by music in the background, by the comments of her traveling companion, and by the light reflecting off the Seine, reminding Kate of her childhood home on the banks of the Wabash. Psychologists would say Kate's memories of Paris are influenced by the meanings she gave to aspects of her experience through

A. episodic memory.

B. constructive processes.

C. flashbulb memories.

D. implicit memories.

5. Which kind of drug impedes the nervous system by causing neurons to fire more slowly?

A. Speed inhibitors

B. Hallucinogens

C. Depressants

D. Stimulants

6. Trying to make sense of an article in the world events section of the Daily Mirror, Matlock turns to Thomas and asks, "Where's Khartoum?" Thomas, looking up from his coffee, says, "Africa. It's the capital of Sudan." If you hold with the idea that long-term memory includes distinct modules, what sort of memory does Thomas's reply indicate?

A. Procedural-semantic

B. Declarative-episodic

C. Declarative-semantic

D. Procedural-episodic

7. In a lab devoted to sleep disorders, Julio points to the brain wave monitor, turns to Laura and says, "Subject is going into non-REM stage 2." Laura looking at the monitor, says, "Got it; I'm recording the time." What would Laura and Julio see on the monitor to assure them that the subject has entered stage 2 sleep?

A. Brain waves are getting slower and more regular.

B. Sleep disturbance is indicated by sharp wave spikes.

C. Sleep spindles appear.

D. Brain waves are irregular and episodic.

8. A particular kind of neuron, called a _______ neuron, fires when we observe someone else's behavior.

A. modeling

B. cognitive

C. reflective

D. mirror

9. According to information provided in your text, circadian rhythms are associated with

A. the occurrence of anxiety attacks.

B. cycles of waking and sleeping.

C. the time of month that pregnant women are likely to go into labor.

D. attacks of sleep apnea.

10. Prescott is an old hand in the print shop. He insists that there's only one dependable kind of process for printing a three-color brochure. By contrast, Baldwin recognizes several different approaches to three-color printing through the use of new digital technologies. Psychologists would say Prescott's point of view is limited by his

A. mental set.

B. obsessive perfectionism.

C. fundamental fixation.

D. mental laziness.

11. Which of the following is a specific technique used in behavior modification?

A. Selecting a behavior-change strategy

B. Reinforcing drug-related behaviors

C. Training a subject in helpful weight-loss strategies

D. Keeping no records as the program is implemented

12. You help Cameron learn to play a guitar by guiding him through a sequence of reinforced behaviors, such as holding the guitar, tuning the guitar, and properly fingering simple chords. In the operant conditioning perspective, this is called

A. gradual reinforcement.

B. latent learning.

C. graded reinforcement.

D. shaping.

13. An important reason why people forget something is that they didn't pay much attention to it in the first place. Psychologists refer to this kind of forgetting as

A. cue-dependent.

B. interference related.

C. decay.

D. encoding failure.

14. Methadone can be used to treat heroin addiction. However, the main drawback in this sort of treatment is that methadone

A. is biologically addictive.

B. is very expensive to produce, since it's derived from rare tropical plants.

C. provides the same sort of "high" the addict experiences with heroin.

D. is psychologically addictive.

15. There's evidence that sudden infant death syndrome is related to

A. sleep apnea.

B. narcolepsy.

C. night terrors.

D. insomnia.

16. A common repetitive technique for moving new information from short-term memory to long-term memory is called

A. elaboration.

B. reduction.

C. selective reduction.

D. rehearsal.

17. Which of the following statements regarding hypnosis is the best response?

A. People who are most susceptible to hypnosis are unable to concentrate on anything for very long.
B. Not all psychologists feel that hypnosis is a distinct altered state of consciousness.

C. In general, today's researchers have concluded that hypnosis is distinct from ordinary waking consciousness.
D. All people are susceptible to hypnosis.

18. While talking to Jim, Mary recalled that his birthday tomorrow. Mary wished him a happy birthday. What type of memory did Mary exhibit?

A. Numerical

B. Event

C. Explicit

D. Implicit

19. As a volunteer subject in a sleep research lab, Conrad is routinely awakened each time he shows physiological signs of entering REM sleep. As a result, we would not be surprised to discover that, during Session 19, when Conrad is left undisturbed all night,

A. The content of Conrad's dreams is significantly more focused on threat or violence.

B. Conrad exhibits less time spent in REM sleep.

C. Conrad exhibits more time spent in REM sleep.

D. The content of Conrad's dreams tends to reflect concern with excretive functions.

20. The most frequently abused nervous system depressant is

A. cocaine.

B. caffeine.

C. marijuana.

D. alcohol.