1 . __________ emphasizes one course of development.

Behaviorism

Information processing emphasizes one course. Changes studied characterize most or all children.

Dynamic systems perspectives emphasizes many possible courses. Biological makeup, everyday tasks, and social experiences vary, yielding wide individual differences in specific skills.

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

2 . __________ emphasizes that children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.

Psychosocial theory
Psychosexual theory
Cognitive developmental theory
Social learning theory

3 . __________ refers to a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences.

Stage
Imprinting
Chronosystem
A sensitive period

4 . __________ refers to procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses.

Imitation
Operant conditioning
Behavior modification
Observational learning

5 . __________ views the mind as a complex, symbol-manipulating system.

Information processing
Dynamic systems
Ecological systems
Psychoanalytic

6 . According to __________, the child's mind, body, and physical and social worlds form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills.

dynamic systems perspective
information processing theory
psychoanalytic theory
ecological systems theory

7 . According to Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, thought becomes symbolic in the

preoperational stage.
concrete operational stage.
formal operational stage.
sensorimotor stage.

8 . An approach that emphasizes the role of modeling, or observational learning, in the development of behavior is known as

operant conditioning.
classical conditioning.
social learning theory.
drive reduction theory.

9 . Child development theorists who emphasize the impact of __________ on individual development typically stress the importance of __________.

early experiences; environment
heredity; change
context; one course of development
stages; continuous change

10 . In a historic experiment with Little Albert, __________ demonstrated that classical conditioning could be applied to children's behavior.

Bandura
Skinner
Watson
Pavlov

11 . In ecological systems theory, the __________ consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources.

macrosystem
microsystem
mesosystem
exosystem

12 . In Freud's psychosexual theory,

the superego works to reconcile id impulses and ego demands.
children develop a sexual desire for the other-sex parent during the genital stage.
id impulses transfer to the genitals during the latency stage.
extreme orderliness and cleanliness in adulthood is often the result of conflicts about anal control during toddlerhood.

13 . Information processing and Piaget's cognitive developmental theory differ MOST on which of the following issues? Correct Answer

one course of development versus many courses
stability versus change
nature versus nurture
continuous development versus discontinuous development

14 . Seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke Correct Answer

regarded children as miniature already-formed adults.
believed that children were naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong.
recommended restrictive parenting practices as the most efficient means for taming children.
viewed children as a tabula rasa or "blank slate."

15 . One problem with government-funded child and family programs in the United States is that Correct Answer

there are no special interest groups who act as advocates for children's causes.
no federal dollars have been allocated to child care.
most are aimed at handling problems after they have occurred rather than preventing problems before they occur.
no new policy initiatives have been developed to improve that status of children.

16 . The field of child development Correct Answer

focuses on all aspects of development from birth until adolescence.
focuses mainly on research topics that are only of scientific interest.
is interdisciplinary.
deals mainly with child-rearing practices.

17 . The most rapid period of development is Correct Answer

adolescence.
middle childhood.
infancy and toddlerhood.
the prenatal period.

18 . The normative approach to child study was developed by Correct Answer

Darwin.
Hall and Gesell.
Baldwin.
Binet and Simon.

19 . The poor rankings of American children on many childhood social indicators is particularly disturbing because Correct Answer

the United States is a collectivist society.
child development researchers in the United States lack involvement in policy development.
the United States is among the wealthiest nations and has the broadest knowledge base for intervening effectively in children's lives.
the United States provides all families with universal health care and free or inexpensive child care.

20 . Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky Correct Answer

emphasized the role of bidirectional influences in development.
viewed cognitive development as a socially mediated process.
emphasized discontinuous change.
focused on development throughout the lifespan.