Questions -

1. Efficient government policy requires pollution reduction be made in a manner that _________________ for business.

A. Ensure a suitable ROI

B. Replaces regulation with litigation

C. Is not cost prohibitive

D. Is subject to lobbying influences

2. Consumers will choose the bundle that provides them the greatest satisfactions from among the bundles they can afford is referred to as

A. Irrational behavior

B. Rational choice theory

C. Consumer preference

D. None of the above

3. Market based instruments include all of the following except

A. Limits of effluent emissions

B. Tax emissions

C. Subsidies for abatements

D. Tradable pollution permits

4. The correct order of the "inputs to damages" chain of events are

A. Inputs, emissions, damages, exposure

B. Inputs, production process, emissions, damages

C. Inputs, production process, output quantity, regulations

D. Inputs, exposure, damages, lawsuits

5. If there is a difference in the marginal costs of pollution reduction between two sources, which abatement source would most likely be selected?

A. The abatement source that guarantees regulatory compliance

B. The abatement source with the greatest technological feasibility

C. The cheaper of the abatement source selections

D. None of the above

6. To implement clean transportation, progress needs to be made on which front

A. Economic development

B. Environmental protection

C. Social development

D. All of the above

7. Externalities

A. Are best handled by private markets

B. Occur only in the developing world

C. Are a cost or benefit incurred by a party who did not agree to the action

D. All of the above

8. Hyperbolic discounting is described as

A. Not adequately evaluating rewards over time

B. Allowing friends, family and community to make decisions for us

C. Having too many choices and we less likely to make a decision

D. Decision making that becomes exhausting

9. Private markets are perfectly efficient only if there are no public goods, externalities or taxes describes which of the following Market Myths?

A. Market alone will solve all problems

B. Market solutions for market problems

C. All solutions can be evaluated in monetary terms

D. Economic analyses is concerned only with efficiency, not distribution

10. A green economy can be thought of as all of the following except:

A. Low-carbon

B. Resource-efficient

C. Socially inclusive

D. Consumer driven

11. A sustained price increase for a good or service will result in a

A. Consumption decrease

B. New equilibrium price

C. Demand for substitute goods

D. All of the above

12. Problems with markets include

A. Monopolies and oligarchies manipulating prices

B. Principle agent problems

C. Moral Hazard problems

D. All of the above

13. All of the following are examples of consumer preferences except:

A. Social and cultural factors

B. Purchasing power

C. Buying with credit

D. Purchasing locations

14. Environmental economics analyzes

A. The behavior of individuals and their interactions within markets

B. The performances of the economy as a whole

C. Patterns of use regarding natural resources

D. Production and consumption of goods and services

15. What are the two main categories of regulatory intervention?

A. Market based incentives and tradable pollution permits

B. Command and control and emissions standards

C. Market based incentives and command and control

D. Emission standards and tradable pollution permits

16. A green economy is considered anti-capitalism for all of the following reasons except:

A. It gives corporations too much control over environmental resources

B. It will have too many regulations and government interventions

C. It will limit economic growth

D. It will be too expensive

17. Which of the IPCC projections for warmer climate could cause wide scale population migration?

A. Loss of agriculture production

B. Ecosystem damage resulting in species extinction

C. Health problems from the spread of disease

D. Coastline moving inward

18. One effort in "greening the national accounts" involves the development of the "Human Development Index" (HDI), which accounts for the addition of ________________ to the national accounts.

A. Life expectancy

B. National income

C. Education

D. All of the above

19. Cellulosic ethanol and bio-algae are examples of what type of renewable energy?

A. Solar

B. Biomass

C. Hydropower

D. Geothermal

20. De-sulfuring mining processes or cracking procedures in refineries which require manufactures to use specified technologies or procedures are examples of which type of standard?

A. Input standards

B. Technology or process standards

C. Emissions or effluent standards

D. Technology-based emissions standards

21. If prices are set to high and excess inventories and distribution inefficiencies occur the outcome will be

A. Excess supply

B. Excess demand

C. The equilibrium price

D. An increase in consumption

22. Water Resource Management seeks to allocate water on a

A. Equitable basis

B. Cost effective basis

C. Distributive basis

D. Energy efficient basis

23. Why is the green economy different from the traditional economy?

A. It is socially inclusive

B. It does not include the production of goods and services

C. It aims to provide a means of exchange for only certain portions of society

D. It is regulated solely by the market

24. A good which people benefit from even if they have no direct experience or contact with it is a

A. Environmental service

B. Existence service

C. Excludable goods

D. Common access goods

25. Changing the concentration of a nitrate based fertilizer or switching to a less harmful fertilizer is an example of mitigating environmental pollution in which of the "inputs to damage" chain of events?

A. Inputs

B. Production process

C. Clean up at source

D. It can be used to mitigate pollutions or wastes at any of the stages

26. In transitioning to a "Green Economy" all of the following represent a big opportunity for the private sector except:

A. Infrastructure development

B. Equipment

C. Goods and services

D. Reduced risks

27. Which method of pollution reduction requires financial compensation for damages and would generally occur at the end of the "inputs to damage" chain of events?

A. Regulation

B. Litigation

C. Modifying production processes for better efficiencies

D. Clean up measures at the source

28. Delaying the of consumption of natural resources is most concerned with

A. Managing and monitoring of waste materials

B. Reuse, recycling, biological reprocessing, and energy recovery

C. Ensuring current and future rates of consumption

D. Extracting vital resources from existing products

29. A/an ____________ primarily places instrumental (monetary) values on the environment.

A. Biocentrist

B. Anthropocentrist

C. Sustainability adherent

D. Environmentalist

30. A/an _____________ stresses the intrinsic (naturally occurring) rather than instrumental (monetary) value of the environment.

A. Sustainability advocate

B. Biocentrist

C. Anthropocentrist

D. Environmentalist

31. Companies may move their operations for other factors beyond environmental regulation, these include all of the following except:

A. Greater access to raw materials

B. Lower labor and other costs

C. Greater access to open source information and research

D. Lower costs of shipping final goods to their ultimate consumers

32. Sustainable Land management (SLM) requires the maintenance of which of the following components of the environment:

A. Biodiversity

B. Ecological integrity

C. Natural capital

D. All of the above

33. In shifting from traditional to green economics, what is the primary shift?

A. Individual to corporate ownership

B. Income and wealth to quality of life

C. GDP to GNP

D. Goods and services to market exchange

34. Reasons for disequilibrium include

A. Imbalance between imports and exports

B. Political instability

C. Changes in consumer tastes and preferences

D. All of the above

35. Emissions that travel for long distance from their origin before they can be measured are referred to as?

A. Ambient quality based emissions

B. Range or distance specific emissions

C. Point source emissions

D. Non-point source emissions

36. Which preference assumption occurs when a consumer's happiness is increased if he or she receives more of at least one good and not less of any other good?

A. Consistency

B. Logical

C. More is better

D. Personally preferred

37. The sum of all final goods and services derived from private consumption, government spending, and investment are referred to as a country's

A. Economic growth

B. Gross domestic product

C. Gross national product

D. Personal outlays

38. Breakdowns in markets for environmental goods are generally caused by all of the following except:

A. Environmental advocacy

B. Lack of ownership or transferability

C. Open access, externalities, and public goods

D. Providing for the future and government involvement

39. Which market based instrument is the most politically dangerous method to impose?

A. Effluent standards

B. Pollution permits

C. Taxes

D. Subsidies

40. GDP measures marketable final goods and services but does not necessarily take into account

A. Non-marketed environmental goods

B. Depletion of natural capital stocks and ecosystems

C. how income is divided among the country's citizens

D. All of the above are not taken into account