Which of the following expresses the value of a levered firm (VL) in the Static Tradeoff model of optimal capital structure? (Note: Vu denotes the value of the unlevered firm; CFD denotes expected costs of financial distress; and PV denotes present value.)
1. VL = PV (Tax Shield) - PV (CFD)
2. VL = Vu + PV(Tax Shield) / PV(CFD)
3. VL = Vu + PV (Tax Shield) - PV(CFD)
4. VL= Vu + PV (Tax Shield)