Researchers wanted to explore self-esteem in adolescent boys and adolescent girls. Each respondent completed a 10-item self-esteem scale (they chose one rating for each item from a Likert-type scale, 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree). The sum of the 10 ratings was each respondent's self-esteem score. Their results were: t = 2.01, d = .90 (40 girls, 40 boys).

1.What statistical test did the researchers use to determine if there was a statistically significant difference in levels of self-esteem between the boys and the girls?

2.What was the purpose of calculating a Cohen's d? When is a Cohen's d find outd? Interpret d=.90. What does it mean in this ex?

3. What if the researcher compared the adolescent boys before treatment and again after treating them for depression? What type of t-test would be most appropriate in this case, and why?