Three academic researchers investigated the idea that, in American sports, there are two segments with opposing views about the goal of competition (i.e., winning versus selfactualization) and the acceptable/desirable way of achieving this goal. Persons who believe in “winning at any cost” are proponents of sports success as a product and can be labeled new school (NS) individuals. The new school is founded on notions of the player before the team, loyalty to the highest bidder, and high-tech production and consumption of professional sports. On the other hand, persons who value the process of sports and believe that “how you play the game matters” can be labeled old school (OS) individuals. The old school emerges from oldfashioned American notions of the team before the player, sportsmanship, and loyalty above all else, and competition simply for “love of the game.” New School/Old School was measured by asking agreement with ten attitude statements. The scores on these statements were combined. Higher scores represent an orientation toward old school values. For purposes of this case study, individuals who did not answer every question were eliminated from the analysis. Based on their summated scores across the 10 items, respondents were grouped into low score, middle score, and high score groups. The following table shows the SPSS computer output of a cross-tabulation to relate the gender of the respondent (GENDER) with the New School/Old School grouping (OLDSKOOL).
Questions 1. Interpret the computer output. What do the results presented above indicate?
2. Is the analytical approach used here appropriate?
3. Describe an alternative approach to the analysis of the original data. Which of these two analyses would you suggest using?
Page 2 of 2 Table 1. SPSS Output OLDSKOOL*GENDER Cross-Tabulation GENDER Women Men Total OLDSKOOL high Count 9 17 26 % within OLDSKOOL 34.6% 65.4% 100.0% % within GENDER 10.6% 9.2% 9.6% % of Total 3.3% 6.3% 9.6% low Count 45 70 115 % within OLDSKOOL 39.1% 60.9% 100.0% % within GENDER 52.9% 37.8% 42.6% % of Total 16.7% 25.9% 42.6% middle Count 31 98 129 % within OLDSKOOL 24.0% 76.0% 100.0% % within GENDER 36.5% 53.0% 47.8% % of Total 11.5% 36.3% 47.8% Total Count 85 185 270 % within OLDSKOOL 31.5% 68.5% 100.0% % within GENDER 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% % of Total 31.5% 68.5% 100.0% Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 6.557a 2 .038 Likelihood Ratio 6.608 2 .037 N of Valid Cases 270 a 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 8.19.