There are two machines, one of which is used as a spare. A working machine will function for an exponential time with rate λ and will then fail. Upon failure, it is immediately replaced by the other machine if that one is in working order, and it goes to the repair facility. The repair facility consists of a single person who takes an exponential time with rate μ to repair a failed machine. At the repair facility, the newly failed machine enters service if the repairperson is free. If the repairperson is busy, it waits until the other machine is ?xed; at that time, the newly repaired machine is put in service and repair begins on the other one. Starting with both machines in working condition, ?nd

(a) the expected value and

(b) the variance of the time until both are in the repair facility.

(c) In the long run, what proportion of time is there a working machine?