Suppose your firm had planned a major research study for November 2001. Given the incidents of September 11, your superior decides to add a question to the study. The question must measure consumers' confidence that the U.S. economic system will be able to rebound following the recession of 2009-2010. Create a scale of each of the following types:

a Constant-sum scale

b Likert-type summated scale

c Semantic differential scale

d Stapel scale

e Forced ranking scale