The Panama Canal Negotiations

The completion of the Panama Canal is one of the world's great engineering feats. The negotiations to complete and build this vital connector between two oceans spans decades. The cost in human lives, suffering, and capital staggers the imagination.

It all began in 1847 when the United States entered into a treaty with New Granada (later to be known as Colombia), which allowed the U.S. a transit passage over the Isthmus of Panama. The treaty guaranteed Panama's neutrality and recognized that Colombia would have sovereignty over the region.

Nothing really occurred with this development and ultimately, a French company called the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama acquired the contract to build the canal in 1881. By 1889, the Compagnie had gone bankrupt and had lost roughly $287 million U.S. along with approximately 20,000 lives in the process. It is also in 1889 that the U.S. had become convinced that the canal passage was absolutely vital to their interests. They appointed Rear Admiral John Walker to head the Commission and choose the most viable route.

Naturally, the U.S. was interested in the Panama route already started by the French. The French company, which had been heading for bankruptcy, saw the writing on the wall before their bankruptcy in 1889, and had entered into negotiations with the U.S. The French company was eager to extricate themselves from the project. At the time, their holdings included land, the Panama Railroad, 2,000 buildings, and an extensive amount of equipment. They felt their total holdings should be valued around $109 million U.S., but Rear Admiral Walker estimated them to be not greater than about $40 million U.S., a significant difference.

As negotiations progressed, the Americans began to hint that they were also interested in the possibility of building an alternative canal in Nicaragua. The French countered the ploy by claiming that both Great Britain and Russia were looking at picking up the financing to complete the canal's construction. It was subsequently leaked to the U.S. press, much to the French company's pique that the Walker Commission concluded that the cost to buy out the French company was too excessive and recommended the Nicaraguan route.

A couple of days after this news, the president of Compagnie Nouvelle resigned. The resulting furor caused the stockholders to demand that the company be sold to the U.S. at any price they could get. The Americans became aware that they could now pick up all the French holdings for $40 million. However, the Walker Commission had not just been a ploy by the Americans: the Nicaraguan route was actually a serious proposal that had a lot of backing in the U.S. Senate. President Roosevelt had to engage in some serious political maneuverings to get everybody on board the Panama passage. The Walker Commission changed its recommendation to favour Panama as the canal route.

But the story does not end there. Next, the U.S. signed a new treaty with Colombia's charge d'affairs which gave the U.S. a six-mile area across the Isthmus and agreed to financial remuneration that was to be paid to Colombia. The Colombian charge d'affairs had signed the treaty without communicating with his government. The treaty was rejected by Colombia. In the meantime, revolution against Colombian authority was afoot in Panama. Since they believed they had signed a legitimate treaty, Roosevelt sent warships to the area to negate the Colombians, and thus secured U.S. interests, and offered aid to the Panamanians in their quest to separate from Colombia. Panama succeeded in their revolt and became a republic. In 1914, the Panama Canal was opened.

Assignment Instructions

Turn in a 2-page paper (page count does not include cover or reference list) addressing the following questions:

1. By 1889, how much had the The Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interoceanique lost in building the canal? How much did they demand when they first entered the negotiation?

2. How much would the U.S. pay the French company?

3. Since there is a huge difference, what are the tactics they played to justify their claims?

4. What dramatically changed the whole situation so the U.S. won the negotiation?

5. How did the U.S. secure its own interests? Any additional comments from this Case?