The manufacturer of a particular bicycle model has the following costs associated with the management of this product's inventory. In particular, the company currently maintains an inventory of 1000 units of this bicycle model at the beginning of each year.

If X units are demanded each year and X is less than 1000, the excess supply, 1000 - X units, must be stored until next year at a cost of $50 per unit.

If X is greater than 1000 units, the excess demand, X - 1000 units, must be produced separately at an extra cost of $80 per unit. Assume that the annual demand (X) for this bicycle model is normally distributed with mean 1000 and standard deviation 75.

a. Find the expected annual cost associated with managing potential shortages or surpluses of this product. (Hint: Use simulation to approximate the answer. An exact solution using probability arguments is beyond the level of this book.)

b. Find two annual total cost levels, equidistant from the expected value found in part a, such that 95% of all costs associated with managing potential shortages or surpluses of this product are between these values. (Continue to use simulation.)

c. Comment on this manufacturer's annual production policy for this bicycle model in light of your findings in part b.