Linda invests her money in a portfolio that consists of 70% Fidelity 500 Index Fund and 30% Fidelity Diversified International Fund. Suppose that in the long run the annual real return X on the 500 Index Fund has mean 9% and standard deviation 19%, the annual real return Y on the Diversified International Fund has mean 11% and standard deviation 17%, and the correlation between X and Y is 0.6.

(a) The return on Linda's portfolio is R = 0.7X + 0.3Y. What are the mean and standard deviation of R?

(b) The distribution of returns is typically roughly symmetric but with more extreme high and low observations than a Normal distribution. The average return over a number of years, however, is close to Normal. If Linda holds her portfolio for 20 years, what is the approximate probability that her average return is less than 5%?

(c) The calculation you just made is not overly helpful, because Linda isn't really concerned about the mean return . To see why, suppose that her portfolio returns 12% this year and 6% next year. The mean return for the two years is 9%. If Linda starts with $1000, how much does she have at the end of the first year? At the end of the second year? How does this amount compare with what she would have if both years had the mean return, 9%? Over 20 years, there may be a large difference between the ordinary mean and the geometric mean, which reflects the fact that returns in successive years multiply rather than add.