Textese is a sound based form of spelling to reduce the time of text messaging and no. of characters, using textisms such as "2day" for "today". parents have been concerned about effect of textese on spelling ability. a study of Australian children aged 10-12 considered the effect of text entry method on the spelling subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT). Multipress is the orginal entry method in which 3 or 4 letters are assigned a key and the key must be pressed one to four times to produce each letter. Predictive is a single key-press per letter with suggested completion of the word. a total of 84 students took WRAT test and were classified according to the test entry method usually used: Multipres (27), Predictive (45) or non-texter (12 students).

a) What is explanatory and response variable?

b) Is this an experimental study or an experiment? explain why?

c) The differences among 3 texting methods were not statistically significant. what does no significant difference mean in describing mean in describing the outcome of this study?

d) This design is unbalanced. How many teens would be in each group if the design were balanced?

E) Why is it unlikely to have balanced groups for a study such as this one?