Task 1: Solve the following problems:

- A student of the author surveyed her friends and found that among 20 males, 4 smoke and among 30 female friends, 6 smoke. Give two reasons why these results should not be used for a hypothesis test of the claim that the proportions of male smokers and female smokers are equal.

- Given a simple random sample of men and a simple random sample of women, we want to use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the percentage of men who smoke is equal to the percentage of women who smoke. One approach is to use the P-value method of hypothesis testing; a second approach is to use the traditional method of hypothesis testing; and a third approach is to base the conclusion on the 95% confidence interval estimate of p1-p2. Will all three approaches always result in the same conclusion? Explain.

Task 2: Solve the following problems:

- The mean tar content of a simple random sample of 25 unfiltered king-size cigarettes is 21.1 mg, with a standard deviation of 3.2 mg. The mean tar content of a simple random sample of 25 filtered 100 mm cigarettes is 13.2 mg with a standard deviation of 3.7 mg.

Assume that the two samples are independent, simple, random samples, selected from normally distributed populations. Do not assume that the population standard deviations are equal.

Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that unfiltered king-size cigarettes have mean tar content greater than that of filtered 100 mm cigarettes.

What does the result suggest about the effectiveness of cigarette filters?

- Listed below are systolic blood pressure measurements (mm Hg) taken from the right and left arms of the same woman. Use a 0.05 significance level to test for a difference between the measurements from the two arms. What do you conclude? Assume that the paired sample data are simple random samples and that the differences have a distribution that is approximately normal.